{
"USGS Publications Warehouse": {
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "CreativeWork",
"additionalType": "USGS Numbered Series",
"name": "A simplified economic filter for open-pit mining and heap-leach recovery of copper in the United States",
"identifier": [
{
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse IndexID",
"value": "ofr01218",
"url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr01218"
},
{
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse Internal ID",
"value": 31388
},
{
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.3133/ofr01218",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01218"
}
],
"inLanguage": "en",
"isPartOf": [
{
"@type": "CreativeWorkSeries",
"name": "Open-File Report"
}
],
"datePublished": "2001",
"dateModified": "2023-06-27",
"abstract": "Determining the economic viability of mineral deposits of various sizes and grades is a critical task in all phases of mineral supply, from land-use management to mine development. This study evaluates two simple tools for estimating the economic viability of porphyry copper deposits mined by open-pit, heap-leach methods when only limited information on these deposits is available. These two methods are useful for evaluating deposits that either (1) are undiscovered deposits predicted by a mineral resource assessment, or (2) have been discovered but for which little data has been collected or released. The first tool uses ordinary least-squared regression analysis of cost and operating data from selected deposits to estimate a predictive relationship between mining rate, itself estimated from deposit size, and capital and operating costs. The second method uses cost models developed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines (Camm, 1991) updated using appropriate cost indices. We find that the cost model method works best for estimating capital costs and the empirical model works best for estimating operating costs for mines to be developed in the United States.",
"description": "iii, 18 p.",
"publisher": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "U.S. Geological Survey"
},
"author": [
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Long, Keith R. klong@usgs.gov",
"givenName": "Keith R.",
"familyName": "Long",
"email": "klong@usgs.gov",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "ORCID",
"value": "0000-0002-6457-2820",
"url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6457-2820"
},
"affiliation": [
{
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center",
"url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/gmeg"
}
]
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov",
"givenName": "Donald A.",
"familyName": "Singer",
"email": "dsinger@usgs.gov"
}
],
"funder": [
{
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center",
"url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/gmeg"
}
],
"spatialCoverage": [
{
"@type": "Place",
"additionalType": "country",
"name": "United States",
"url": "https://geonames.org/4074035"
}
]
}
},
"OpenAlex": {
"abstract_inverted_index": {
"Determining": [
0
],
"the": [
1,
36,
134,
149,
160,
175
],
"economic": [
2,
37
],
"viability": [
3,
38
],
"of": [
4,
7,
19,
39,
100,
137
],
"mineral": [
5,
20,
74
],
"deposits": [
6,
42,
54,
64,
70,
107
],
"various": [
8
],
"sizes": [
9
],
"and": [
10,
102,
121,
123,
159
],
"grades": [
11
],
"is": [
12,
55
],
"a": [
13,
73,
110
],
"critical": [
14
],
"task": [
15
],
"in": [
16,
174
],
"all": [
17
],
"phases": [
18
],
"supply,": [
21
],
"from": [
22,
105,
118
],
"land-use": [
23
],
"management": [
24
],
"to": [
25,
108,
171
],
"mine": [
26
],
"development.": [
27
],
"This": [
28
],
"study": [
29
],
"evaluates": [
30
],
"two": [
31,
58
],
"simple": [
32
],
"tools": [
33
],
"for": [
34,
62,
83,
155,
165,
169
],
"estimating": [
35,
156,
166
],
"porphyry": [
40
],
"copper": [
41
],
"mined": [
43
],
"by": [
44,
72,
133
],
"open-pit,": [
45
],
"heap-leach": [
46
],
"methods": [
47,
59
],
"when": [
48
],
"only": [
49
],
"limited": [
50
],
"information": [
51
],
"on": [
52
],
"these": [
53
],
"available.": [
56
],
"These": [
57
],
"are": [
60,
68
],
"useful": [
61
],
"evaluating": [
63
],
"that": [
65,
148
],
"either": [
66
],
"(1)": [
67
],
"undiscovered": [
69
],
"predicted": [
71
],
"resource": [
75
],
"assessment,": [
76
],
"or": [
77,
90
],
"(2)": [
78
],
"have": [
79
],
"been": [
80,
88
],
"discovered": [
81
],
"but": [
82
],
"which": [
84
],
"little": [
85
],
"data": [
86,
104
],
"has": [
87
],
"collected": [
89
],
"released.": [
91
],
"The": [
92,
126
],
"first": [
93
],
"tool": [
94
],
"uses": [
95,
129
],
"ordinary": [
96
],
"least-squared": [
97
],
"regression": [
98
],
"analysis": [
99
],
"cost": [
101,
130,
144,
150
],
"operating": [
103,
124,
167
],
"selected": [
106
],
"estimate": [
109
],
"predictive": [
111
],
"relationship": [
112
],
"between": [
113
],
"mining": [
114
],
"rate,": [
115
],
"itself": [
116
],
"estimated": [
117
],
"deposit": [
119
],
"size,": [
120
],
"capital": [
122,
157
],
"costs.": [
125
],
"second": [
127
],
"method": [
128,
152
],
"models": [
131
],
"developed": [
132,
173
],
"U.S.": [
135
],
"Bureau": [
136
],
"Mines": [
138
],
"(Camm,": [
139
],
"1991)": [
140
],
"updated": [
141
],
"using": [
142
],
"appropriate": [
143
],
"indices.": [
145
],
"We": [
146
],
"find": [
147
],
"model": [
151,
162
],
"works": [
153,
163
],
"best": [
154,
164
],
"costs": [
158,
168
],
"empirical": [
161
],
"mines": [
170
],
"be": [
172
],
"United": [
176
],
"States.": [
177
]
},
"apc_list": null,
"apc_paid": null,
"authorships": [
{
"author_position": "first",
"author": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5079604946",
"display_name": "Keith R. Long",
"orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6457-2820"
},
"institutions": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/I1335927249",
"display_name": "United States Department of the Interior",
"ror": "https://ror.org/03v0pmy70",
"country_code": "US",
"type": "government",
"lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/I1335927249"
]
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
"display_name": "United States Geological Survey",
"ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863",
"country_code": "US",
"type": "government",
"lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
"https://openalex.org/I1335927249"
]
}
],
"countries": [
"US"
],
"is_corresponding": false,
"raw_author_name": "Keith R. Long",
"raw_affiliation_strings": [
"U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. Geological Survey 1 520 North Park Avenue, Suite 355, Tucson, AZ 85719 2 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025"
],
"affiliations": [
{
"raw_affiliation_string": "U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. Geological Survey 1 520 North Park Avenue, Suite 355, Tucson, AZ 85719 2 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025",
"institution_ids": [
"https://openalex.org/I1335927249",
"https://openalex.org/I1286329397"
]
}
]
},
{
"author_position": "last",
"author": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5084615776",
"display_name": "Donald A. Singer",
"orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6812-6441"
},
"institutions": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/I1335927249",
"display_name": "United States Department of the Interior",
"ror": "https://ror.org/03v0pmy70",
"country_code": "US",
"type": "government",
"lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/I1335927249"
]
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
"display_name": "United States Geological Survey",
"ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863",
"country_code": "US",
"type": "government",
"lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
"https://openalex.org/I1335927249"
]
}
],
"countries": [
"US"
],
"is_corresponding": false,
"raw_author_name": "Donald A. Singer",
"raw_affiliation_strings": [
"U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. Geological Survey 1 520 North Park Avenue, Suite 355, Tucson, AZ 85719 2 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025"
],
"affiliations": [
{
"raw_affiliation_string": "U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. Geological Survey 1 520 North Park Avenue, Suite 355, Tucson, AZ 85719 2 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025",
"institution_ids": [
"https://openalex.org/I1335927249",
"https://openalex.org/I1286329397"
]
}
]
}
],
"best_oa_location": {
"is_oa": true,
"landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01218",
"pdf_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0218/pdf/of01-218.pdf",
"source": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210194219",
"display_name": "Antarctica A Keystone in a Changing World",
"issn_l": "0196-1497",
"issn": [
"0196-1497",
"2331-1258",
"2332-4899"
],
"is_oa": true,
"is_in_doaj": false,
"is_core": true,
"host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310316088",
"host_organization_name": "United States Department of the Interior",
"host_organization_lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/P4310316088"
],
"host_organization_lineage_names": [
"United States Department of the Interior"
],
"type": "journal"
},
"license": null,
"license_id": null,
"version": "publishedVersion",
"is_accepted": true,
"is_published": true
},
"biblio": {
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"first_page": null,
"last_page": null
},
"citation_normalized_percentile": {
"value": 0.902758,
"is_in_top_1_percent": false,
"is_in_top_10_percent": true
},
"cited_by_api_url": "https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W162587892",
"cited_by_count": 10,
"cited_by_percentile_year": {
"min": 81,
"max": 82
},
"concepts": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c134757568",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274089",
"display_name": "Heap (data structure)",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6449221,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c184977646",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15104297",
"display_name": "Open-pit mining",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.589799,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c126457475",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12131447",
"display_name": "Mineral resource classification",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51380736,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c2994103380",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q766401",
"display_name": "Copper mine",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4999442,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c16674752",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1370637",
"display_name": "Mining engineering",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49324936,
"qid": "Q226273"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c2777347956",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1362005",
"display_name": "Operating cost",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47512037,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c179319051",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574109",
"display_name": "Porphyry copper deposit",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.44652158,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c157062255",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5035697",
"display_name": "Capital cost",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44346392,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c99656134",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912993",
"display_name": "Ordinary least squares",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41861778,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c41008148",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198",
"display_name": "Computer science",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38959688,
"qid": "Q158969"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c149782125",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039",
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34888992,
"qid": "Q226226"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c127313418",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069",
"display_name": "Geology",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34764808,
"qid": "Q158984"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c39432304",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847",
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34616283,
"qid": "Q166085"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c105795698",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483",
"display_name": "Statistics",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32472873,
"qid": "Q161190"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c127413603",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023",
"display_name": "Engineering",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.2612597,
"qid": "Q158977"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c162324750",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134",
"display_name": "Economics",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.22521487,
"qid": "Q166161"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c33923547",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395",
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.1962201,
"qid": "Q161189"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c544778455",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753",
"display_name": "Copper",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.1500589,
"qid": "Q315"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c17409809",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764",
"display_name": "Geochemistry",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.14465606,
"qid": "Q158980"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c11413529",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366",
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.112270445,
"qid": "Q226190"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c548081761",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388",
"display_name": "Waste management",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.087198675,
"qid": "Q226325"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c185592680",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329",
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.0,
"qid": "Q166089"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c119599485",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035",
"display_name": "Electrical engineering",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.0,
"qid": "Q226231"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c178790620",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351",
"display_name": "Organic chemistry",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.0,
"qid": "Q166197"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c151730666",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205",
"display_name": "Paleontology",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.0,
"qid": "Q159017"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c2779870107",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43010",
"display_name": "Quartz",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.0,
"qid": "Q162627"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c2776152364",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1822828",
"display_name": "Fluid inclusions",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.0,
"qid": null
}
],
"corresponding_author_ids": [],
"corresponding_institution_ids": [],
"countries_distinct_count": 1,
"counts_by_year": [
{
"year": 2024,
"cited_by_count": 1
},
{
"year": 2020,
"cited_by_count": 1
},
{
"year": 2019,
"cited_by_count": 1
},
{
"year": 2013,
"cited_by_count": 1
},
{
"year": 2012,
"cited_by_count": 2
}
],
"created_date": "2016-06-24",
"datasets": [],
"display_name": "A simplified economic filter for open-pit mining and heap-leach recovery of copper in the United States",
"doi": "https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01218",
"fulltext_origin": "pdf",
"fwci": 1.334,
"grants": [],
"has_fulltext": true,
"id": "https://openalex.org/W162587892",
"ids": {
"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W162587892",
"doi": "https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01218",
"mag": "162587892"
},
"indexed_in": [
"crossref"
],
"institutions_distinct_count": 2,
"is_paratext": false,
"is_retracted": false,
"keywords": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/heap",
"display_name": "Heap (data structure)",
"score": 0.6449221
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/open-pit-mining",
"display_name": "Open Pit Mining",
"score": 0.554585
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/mineral-liberation-analysis",
"display_name": "Mineral Liberation Analysis",
"score": 0.522489
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/mineral-resource-classification",
"display_name": "Mineral resource classification",
"score": 0.51380736
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/copper-mine",
"display_name": "Copper mine",
"score": 0.4999442
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-cost",
"display_name": "Operating cost",
"score": 0.47512037
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/capital-cost",
"display_name": "Capital cost",
"score": 0.44346392
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/ordinary-least-squares",
"display_name": "Ordinary least squares",
"score": 0.41861778
}
],
"language": "en",
"locations": [
{
"is_oa": true,
"landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01218",
"pdf_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0218/pdf/of01-218.pdf",
"source": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210194219",
"display_name": "Antarctica A Keystone in a Changing World",
"issn_l": "0196-1497",
"issn": [
"0196-1497",
"2331-1258",
"2332-4899"
],
"is_oa": true,
"is_in_doaj": false,
"is_core": true,
"host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310316088",
"host_organization_name": "United States Department of the Interior",
"host_organization_lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/P4310316088"
],
"host_organization_lineage_names": [
"United States Department of the Interior"
],
"type": "journal"
},
"license": null,
"license_id": null,
"version": "publishedVersion",
"is_accepted": true,
"is_published": true
}
],
"locations_count": 1,
"mesh": [],
"ngrams_url": "https://api.openalex.org/works/W162587892/ngrams",
"open_access": {
"is_oa": true,
"oa_status": "bronze",
"oa_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0218/pdf/of01-218.pdf",
"any_repository_has_fulltext": false
},
"primary_location": {
"is_oa": true,
"landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01218",
"pdf_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0218/pdf/of01-218.pdf",
"source": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210194219",
"display_name": "Antarctica A Keystone in a Changing World",
"issn_l": "0196-1497",
"issn": [
"0196-1497",
"2331-1258",
"2332-4899"
],
"is_oa": true,
"is_in_doaj": false,
"is_core": true,
"host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310316088",
"host_organization_name": "United States Department of the Interior",
"host_organization_lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/P4310316088"
],
"host_organization_lineage_names": [
"United States Department of the Interior"
],
"type": "journal"
},
"license": null,
"license_id": null,
"version": "publishedVersion",
"is_accepted": true,
"is_published": true
},
"primary_topic": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/T13065",
"display_name": "Operations Research in Mine Planning",
"score": 0.9979,
"subfield": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2207",
"display_name": "Control and Systems Engineering"
},
"field": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22",
"display_name": "Engineering"
},
"domain": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3",
"display_name": "Physical Sciences"
}
},
"publication_date": "2001-01-01",
"publication_year": 2001,
"referenced_works": [
"https://openalex.org/W185293185",
"https://openalex.org/W2125097138",
"https://openalex.org/W297201657",
"https://openalex.org/W577959973",
"https://openalex.org/W72227809"
],
"referenced_works_count": 5,
"related_works": [
"https://openalex.org/W3172669724",
"https://openalex.org/W3161983472",
"https://openalex.org/W3143256835",
"https://openalex.org/W3112218873",
"https://openalex.org/W3082043895",
"https://openalex.org/W3034621000",
"https://openalex.org/W2383177746",
"https://openalex.org/W2353327095",
"https://openalex.org/W2347477774",
"https://openalex.org/W2059371642"
],
"sustainable_development_goals": [],
"title": "A simplified economic filter for open-pit mining and heap-leach recovery of copper in the United States",
"topics": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/T13065",
"display_name": "Operations Research in Mine Planning",
"score": 0.9979,
"subfield": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2207",
"display_name": "Control and Systems Engineering"
},
"field": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22",
"display_name": "Engineering"
},
"domain": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3",
"display_name": "Physical Sciences"
}
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/T11091",
"display_name": "Battery Recycling and Rare Earth Recovery",
"score": 0.997,
"subfield": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210",
"display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"
},
"field": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22",
"display_name": "Engineering"
},
"domain": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3",
"display_name": "Physical Sciences"
}
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/T12282",
"display_name": "Comminution in Mineral Processing",
"score": 0.9755,
"subfield": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210",
"display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"
},
"field": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22",
"display_name": "Engineering"
},
"domain": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3",
"display_name": "Physical Sciences"
}
}
],
"type": "article",
"type_crossref": "journal-article",
"updated_date": "2024-08-10T09:23:28.638439",
"versions": [],
"qid": "Q73324"
}
}