{
"USGS Publications Warehouse": {
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "CreativeWork",
"additionalType": "USGS Numbered Series",
"name": "Minor metals and renewable energy\u2014Diversifying America\u2019s energy sources",
"identifier": [
{
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse IndexID",
"value": "fs20173061",
"url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs20173061"
},
{
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse Internal ID",
"value": 70190025
},
{
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.3133/fs20173061",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20173061"
}
],
"inLanguage": "en",
"isPartOf": [
{
"@type": "CreativeWorkSeries",
"name": "Fact Sheet"
}
],
"datePublished": "2017",
"dateModified": "2017-08-16",
"abstract": "Solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine technologies are projected to make up an increasing proportion of electricity generation capacity in the United States in the coming decades. By 2050, they will account for 36 percent (or 566 gigawatts) of capacity compared with about 11 percent (or 118 gigawatts) in 2016 (fig. 1; EIA, 2017). There are several different types of commercial solar PV and wind turbine technologies, and each type makes use of different minor metals. \u201cMinor metal\u201d is the term used for metals for which world production is small compared with the more widely produced base metals, and they are often produced as byproducts of the mining or processing of base metals. Minor metals used in renewable energy technologies often have complex supply chains, are often produced primarily outside of the United States, and are also used in many other applications. A larger amount of minor metals will be needed in the future to support the projected increases in solar PV and wind energy production capacity (Nassar and others, 2016).",
"description": "2 p.",
"publisher": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "U.S. Geological Survey"
},
"author": [
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Nassar, Nedal T. nnassar@usgs.gov",
"givenName": "Nedal T.",
"familyName": "Nassar",
"email": "nnassar@usgs.gov",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "ORCID",
"value": "0000-0001-8758-9732",
"url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8758-9732"
}
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Singerling, Sheryl A. ssingerling@usgs.gov",
"givenName": "Sheryl A.",
"familyName": "Singerling",
"email": "ssingerling@usgs.gov",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "ORCID",
"value": "0000-0001-8639-5039",
"url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8639-5039"
}
}
],
"funder": [
{
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "National Minerals Information Center",
"url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center"
}
],
"spatialCoverage": [
{
"@type": "Place",
"additionalType": "country",
"name": "United States",
"url": "https://geonames.org/4074035"
}
]
}
},
"OpenAlex": {
"abstract_inverted_index": {
"First": [
0
],
"posted": [
1
],
"August": [
2
],
"16,": [
3
],
"2017": [
4
],
"For": [
5
],
"additional": [
6
],
"information,": [
7
],
"contact:": [
8
],
"Director,": [
9
],
"National": [
10,
22
],
"Minerals": [
11
],
"Information": [
12
],
"Center": [
13,
23
],
"U.S.": [
14
],
"Geological": [
15
],
"Survey": [
16
],
"12201": [
17
],
"Sunrise": [
18
],
"Valley": [
19
],
"Drive": [
20
],
"988": [
21
],
"Reston,": [
24
],
"VA": [
25
],
"20192": [
26
],
"Email:": [
27
],
"nmicrecordsmgt@usgs.gov": [
28
],
"Solar": [
29
],
"photovoltaic": [
30
],
"(PV)": [
31
],
"and": [
32,
92,
96,
127,
163,
191,
197
],
"wind": [
33,
93,
192
],
"turbine": [
34,
94
],
"technologies": [
35,
148
],
"are": [
36,
84,
129,
154,
164
],
"projected": [
37,
186
],
"to": [
38,
183
],
"make": [
39
],
"up": [
40
],
"an": [
41
],
"increasing": [
42
],
"proportion": [
43
],
"of": [
44,
67,
88,
101,
134,
139,
159,
174
],
"electricity": [
45
],
"generation": [
46
],
"capacity": [
47,
68,
195
],
"in": [
48,
52,
77,
145,
167,
180,
188
],
"the": [
49,
53,
108,
121,
135,
160,
181,
185
],
"United": [
50,
161
],
"States": [
51
],
"coming": [
54
],
"decades.": [
55
],
"By": [
56
],
"2050,": [
57
],
"they": [
58,
128
],
"will": [
59,
177
],
"account": [
60
],
"for": [
61,
111,
113
],
"36": [
62
],
"percent": [
63,
73
],
"(or": [
64,
74
],
"566": [
65
],
"gigawatts)": [
66,
76
],
"compared": [
69,
119
],
"with": [
70,
120
],
"about": [
71
],
"11": [
72
],
"118": [
75
],
"2016": [
78
],
"(fig.": [
79
],
"1;": [
80
],
"EIA,": [
81
],
"2017).": [
82
],
"There": [
83
],
"several": [
85
],
"different": [
86,
102
],
"types": [
87
],
"commercial": [
89
],
"solar": [
90,
189
],
"PV": [
91,
190
],
"technologies,": [
95
],
"each": [
97
],
"type": [
98
],
"makes": [
99
],
"use": [
100
],
"minor": [
103,
175
],
"metals.": [
104,
141
],
"\u201cMinor": [
105
],
"metal\u201d": [
106
],
"is": [
107,
117
],
"term": [
109
],
"used": [
110,
144,
166
],
"metals": [
112,
143,
176
],
"which": [
114
],
"world": [
115
],
"production": [
116,
194
],
"small": [
118
],
"more": [
122
],
"widely": [
123
],
"produced": [
124,
131,
156
],
"base": [
125,
140
],
"metals,": [
126
],
"often": [
130,
149,
155
],
"as": [
132
],
"byproducts": [
133
],
"mining": [
136
],
"or": [
137
],
"processing": [
138
],
"Minor": [
142
],
"renewable": [
146
],
"energy": [
147,
193
],
"have": [
150
],
"complex": [
151
],
"supply": [
152
],
"chains,": [
153
],
"primarily": [
157
],
"outside": [
158
],
"States,": [
162
],
"also": [
165
],
"many": [
168
],
"other": [
169
],
"applications.": [
170
],
"A": [
171
],
"larger": [
172
],
"amount": [
173
],
"be": [
178
],
"needed": [
179
],
"future": [
182
],
"support": [
184
],
"increases": [
187
],
"(Nassar": [
196
],
"others,": [
198
],
"2016).": [
199
]
},
"apc_list": null,
"apc_paid": null,
"authorships": [
{
"author_position": "first",
"author": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5044778626",
"display_name": "S. A. Singerling",
"orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8639-5039"
},
"institutions": [],
"countries": [],
"is_corresponding": false,
"raw_author_name": "Sheryl A. Singerling",
"raw_affiliation_strings": [],
"affiliations": []
},
{
"author_position": "last",
"author": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5015234952",
"display_name": "Nedal T. Nassar",
"orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8758-9732"
},
"institutions": [],
"countries": [],
"is_corresponding": false,
"raw_author_name": "Nedal T. Nassar",
"raw_affiliation_strings": [],
"affiliations": []
}
],
"best_oa_location": {
"is_oa": true,
"landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20173061",
"pdf_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2017/3061/fs20173061.pdf",
"source": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210206611",
"display_name": "Fact sheet",
"issn_l": "2327-6916",
"issn": [
"2327-6916",
"2327-6932"
],
"is_oa": true,
"is_in_doaj": false,
"is_core": false,
"host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319934",
"host_organization_name": "United States Geological Survey",
"host_organization_lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/P4310316088",
"https://openalex.org/P4310319934"
],
"host_organization_lineage_names": [
"United States Department of the Interior",
"United States Geological Survey"
],
"type": "journal"
},
"license": null,
"license_id": null,
"version": "publishedVersion",
"is_accepted": true,
"is_published": true
},
"biblio": {
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"first_page": null,
"last_page": null
},
"citation_normalized_percentile": {
"value": 0.431362,
"is_in_top_1_percent": false,
"is_in_top_10_percent": false
},
"cited_by_api_url": "https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2746100998",
"cited_by_count": 1,
"cited_by_percentile_year": {
"min": 66,
"max": 73
},
"concepts": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c188573790",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705",
"display_name": "Renewable energy",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7795735,
"qid": "Q169142"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c2779760435",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5396169",
"display_name": "Minor (academic)",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66073567,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c41291067",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785",
"display_name": "Photovoltaic system",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56028086,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c206658404",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725",
"display_name": "Electricity",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53612673,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c78600449",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302",
"display_name": "Wind power",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5338266,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c39432304",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847",
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5127157,
"qid": "Q166085"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c71554815",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200974",
"display_name": "Nameplate capacity",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5080007,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c541104983",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40015",
"display_name": "Solar energy",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4466762,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c2778449969",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130760",
"display_name": "Turbine",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44354254,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c423512",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973",
"display_name": "Electricity generation",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.3787133,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c153294291",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261",
"display_name": "Meteorology",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35629618,
"qid": "Q159006"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c526734887",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832237",
"display_name": "Environmental protection",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3312803,
"qid": "Q166212"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c127413603",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023",
"display_name": "Engineering",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.28498703,
"qid": "Q158977"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c205649164",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071",
"display_name": "Geography",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.18804976,
"qid": "Q158983"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c119599485",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035",
"display_name": "Electrical engineering",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.085339695,
"qid": "Q226231"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c78519656",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333",
"display_name": "Mechanical engineering",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.07427177,
"qid": "Q166118"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c17744445",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442",
"display_name": "Political science",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.072375625,
"qid": "Q226183"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c163258240",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342",
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.0,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c121332964",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413",
"display_name": "Physics",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.0,
"qid": "Q166093"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c199539241",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748",
"display_name": "Law",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.0,
"qid": "Q166219"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c62520636",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944",
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.0,
"qid": "Q226309"
}
],
"corresponding_author_ids": [],
"corresponding_institution_ids": [],
"countries_distinct_count": 0,
"counts_by_year": [
{
"year": 2017,
"cited_by_count": 1
}
],
"created_date": "2017-08-31",
"datasets": [],
"display_name": "Minor metals and renewable energy\u2014Diversifying America\u2019s energy sources",
"doi": "https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20173061",
"fwci": 0.191,
"grants": [],
"has_fulltext": false,
"id": "https://openalex.org/W2746100998",
"ids": {
"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W2746100998",
"doi": "https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20173061",
"mag": "2746100998"
},
"indexed_in": [
"crossref"
],
"institutions_distinct_count": 0,
"is_paratext": false,
"is_retracted": false,
"keywords": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/minor",
"display_name": "Minor (academic)",
"score": 0.66073567
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nameplate-capacity",
"display_name": "Nameplate capacity",
"score": 0.5080007
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainable-technology",
"display_name": "Sustainable Technology",
"score": 0.502236
}
],
"language": "en",
"locations": [
{
"is_oa": true,
"landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20173061",
"pdf_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2017/3061/fs20173061.pdf",
"source": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210206611",
"display_name": "Fact sheet",
"issn_l": "2327-6916",
"issn": [
"2327-6916",
"2327-6932"
],
"is_oa": true,
"is_in_doaj": false,
"is_core": false,
"host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319934",
"host_organization_name": "United States Geological Survey",
"host_organization_lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/P4310316088",
"https://openalex.org/P4310319934"
],
"host_organization_lineage_names": [
"United States Department of the Interior",
"United States Geological Survey"
],
"type": "journal"
},
"license": null,
"license_id": null,
"version": "publishedVersion",
"is_accepted": true,
"is_published": true
}
],
"locations_count": 1,
"mesh": [],
"ngrams_url": "https://api.openalex.org/works/W2746100998/ngrams",
"open_access": {
"is_oa": true,
"oa_status": "bronze",
"oa_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2017/3061/fs20173061.pdf",
"any_repository_has_fulltext": false
},
"primary_location": {
"is_oa": true,
"landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20173061",
"pdf_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2017/3061/fs20173061.pdf",
"source": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210206611",
"display_name": "Fact sheet",
"issn_l": "2327-6916",
"issn": [
"2327-6916",
"2327-6932"
],
"is_oa": true,
"is_in_doaj": false,
"is_core": false,
"host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319934",
"host_organization_name": "United States Geological Survey",
"host_organization_lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/P4310316088",
"https://openalex.org/P4310319934"
],
"host_organization_lineage_names": [
"United States Department of the Interior",
"United States Geological Survey"
],
"type": "journal"
},
"license": null,
"license_id": null,
"version": "publishedVersion",
"is_accepted": true,
"is_published": true
},
"primary_topic": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/T11091",
"display_name": "Battery Recycling and Rare Earth Recovery",
"score": 0.9384,
"subfield": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210",
"display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"
},
"field": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22",
"display_name": "Engineering"
},
"domain": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3",
"display_name": "Physical Sciences"
}
},
"publication_date": "2017-01-01",
"publication_year": 2017,
"referenced_works": [
"https://openalex.org/W2264839483",
"https://openalex.org/W2746100998"
],
"referenced_works_count": 2,
"related_works": [
"https://openalex.org/W2923652323",
"https://openalex.org/W2765672528",
"https://openalex.org/W2357440109",
"https://openalex.org/W2282822915",
"https://openalex.org/W2168770873",
"https://openalex.org/W2119995320",
"https://openalex.org/W2026256202",
"https://openalex.org/W1991325816",
"https://openalex.org/W1990084741",
"https://openalex.org/W1988819090"
],
"sustainable_development_goals": [
{
"score": 0.81,
"display_name": "Affordable and clean energy",
"id": "https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"
}
],
"title": "Minor metals and renewable energy\u2014Diversifying America\u2019s energy sources",
"topics": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/T11091",
"display_name": "Battery Recycling and Rare Earth Recovery",
"score": 0.9384,
"subfield": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210",
"display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"
},
"field": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22",
"display_name": "Engineering"
},
"domain": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3",
"display_name": "Physical Sciences"
}
}
],
"type": "article",
"type_crossref": "journal-article",
"updated_date": "2024-08-10T09:19:51.780949",
"versions": [],
"qid": "Q58023"
}
}