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"name": "Tungsten skarn potential of the Yukon-Tanana Upland, eastern Alaska, USA\u2014A mineral resource assessment",
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"name": "Journal of Geochemical Exploration",
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"abstract": "Tungsten\u00a0(W) is used in a variety of industrial and technological applications and has been identified as a critical mineral for the United States, India, the European Union, and other countries. These countries rely on W imports mostly from China, which leaves them vulnerable to supply disruption. Consequently, the\u00a0U.S.\u00a0government has a current initiative to understand domestic resource potential. The eastern Alaska portion of the Yukon-Tanana Upland (YTU), is prospective for W\u00a0skarn\u00a0deposits, the major source of global W supply. The\u00a0regional geology\u00a0consists of juxtaposed\u00a0Paleozoic\u00a0lithotectonic packages that were reaccreted to North America in the\u00a0Mesozoic. Multiple subsequent episodes of arc-related\u00a0magmatism\u00a0intruded the lithotectonic packages, accompanied by W skarn formation mostly associated with 100\u201390\u202fMa intrusions; major W skarn deposits in Canada are part of the same metallogenic event (e.g., Mactung, Cantung). In this paper, we present an assessment for undiscovered W skarn resources for parts of the lesser-explored western (Alaskan) portion of the YTU.We used GIS proximity analysis to map the intersection of\u00a0pluton\u00a0and carbonate-bearing rocks to define three permissive tracts for W skarn deposits. The permissive tracts were qualitatively assessed by mineral potential mapping using region-wide sediment\u00a0geochemistry\u00a0and mineral concentrate datasets. This analysis showed that much of the western YTU has high potential for undiscovered W skarn deposits, whereas the eastern and southern YTU had only isolated areas of medium to high potential. Historical production and the quality of the geochemistry data of the western YTU tract (ca. 9200\u202fkm2) permitted a quantitative assessment of undiscovered W resources. Probabilistic estimates by a panel of 20 experts predicted a 70% chance of one to three undiscovered W skarn deposits in the western YTU tract. The rationale for favorability employed by the expert panel included favorable\u00a0lithology, previous production, clustering of previously mined deposits, W placers in the area, lack of recent exploration, pan concentrates containing W minerals, and W geochemical anomalies. Estimates were combined with a global grade and tonnage model for W skarns in a Monte Carlo simulation and provided a median estimate of undiscovered resources of 94 kt WO3. If the undiscovered W skarn deposits are located close to infrastructure (e.g., near Fairbanks, or close to roads and/or power grid), application of an economic filter indicates that the median total economically recoverable WO3\u00a0is 63 kt with a net present value (NPV) of $330 million USD (2008 dollars). Whereas if deposits are far from infrastructure, median recoverable WO3\u00a0is only 30 kt and the NPV is $44 million.Our models for contained WO3\u00a0resources and NPV estimates for the western YTU tract are considerably lower than the known resources in skarns in adjacent areas in Canada. Estimates for the western YTU are also lower than preliminary estimates for undiscovered W skarn deposits in areas of the western conterminous United States. We speculate that lower permeability and continuity of favorable\u00a0carbonate rock\u00a0horizons in the relatively higher-grade metamorphic country rocks in the Alaska portion of the YTU may explain some of the differences in prospectivity. More detailed geologic mapping, modern geochemistry, and\u00a0geophysical surveys\u00a0are needed to refine the resource potential of the whole YTU. Regardless, quantitative\u00a0mineral resource\u00a0assessment provides a useful tool for making first-order regional estimates of undiscovered resources, identifying target areas for new data acquisition, and guiding research on the fundamental controls of district-scale metallogenic endowments.",
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