{
"USGS Publications Warehouse": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"additionalType": "Journal Article",
"name": "Debris-flow mobilization from landslides",
"identifier": [
{
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse IndexID",
"value": "70019557",
"url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70019557"
},
{
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse Internal ID",
"value": 70019557
},
{
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.85",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.85"
}
],
"journal": {
"@type": "Periodical",
"name": "Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences",
"volumeNumber": "25",
"issueNumber": null
},
"inLanguage": "en",
"isPartOf": [
{
"@type": "CreativeWorkSeries",
"name": "Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences"
}
],
"datePublished": "1997",
"dateModified": "2023-02-24",
"abstract": "Field observations, laboratory experiments, and theoretical analyses indicate that landslides mobilize to form debris flows by three processes: (a) widespread Coulomb failure within a sloping soil, rock, or sediment mass, (b) partial or complete liquefaction of the mass by high pore-fluid pressures, and (c) conversion of landslide translational energy to internal vibrational energy (i.e. granular temperature). These processes can operate independently, but in many circumstances they appear to operate simultaneously and synergistically. Early work on debris-flow mobilization described a similar interplay of processes but relied on mechanical models in which debris behavior was assumed to be fixed and governed by a Bingham or Bagnold rheology. In contrast, this review emphasizes models in which debris behavior evolves in response to changing pore pressures and granular temperatures. One-dimensional infinite-slope models provide insight by quantifying how pore pressures and granular temperatures can influence the transition from Coulomb failure to liquefaction. Analyses of multidimensional experiments reveal complications ignored in one-dimensional models and demonstrate that debris-flow mobilization may occur by at least two distinct modes in the field.",
"description": "54 p.",
"publisher": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Annual Reviews"
},
"author": [
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Iverson, Richard M. riverson@usgs.gov",
"givenName": "Richard M.",
"familyName": "Iverson",
"email": "riverson@usgs.gov",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "ORCID",
"value": "0000-0002-7369-3819",
"url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819"
},
"affiliation": [
{
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Volcano Science Center",
"url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/volcano-science-center"
},
{
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Volcano Hazards Program",
"url": "https://www.usgs.gov/programs/VHP"
}
]
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Reid, Mark E. mreid@usgs.gov",
"givenName": "Mark E.",
"familyName": "Reid",
"email": "mreid@usgs.gov",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "ORCID",
"value": "0000-0002-5595-1503",
"url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5595-1503"
},
"affiliation": [
{
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Coastal and Marine Geology Program",
"url": "https://www.usgs.gov/programs/cmhrp"
},
{
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Volcano Science Center",
"url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/volcano-science-center"
},
{
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center",
"url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/gmeg"
}
]
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Lahusen, Richard G. rlahusen@usgs.gov",
"givenName": "Richard G.",
"familyName": "Lahusen",
"email": "rlahusen@usgs.gov",
"affiliation": [
{
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Volcano Science Center",
"url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/volcano-science-center"
}
]
}
],
"funder": [
{
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Volcano Science Center",
"url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/volcano-science-center"
}
]
},
"OpenAlex": {
"_id": "https://openalex.org/W2021675301",
"abstract_inverted_index": {
"\u25aa": [
0
],
"Abstract": [
1
],
"Field": [
2
],
"observations,": [
3
],
"laboratory": [
4
],
"experiments,": [
5
],
"and": [
6,
44,
72,
99,
124,
137,
159
],
"theoretical": [
7
],
"analyses": [
8
],
"indicate": [
9
],
"that": [
10,
161
],
"landslides": [
11
],
"mobilize": [
12
],
"to": [
13,
51,
69,
96,
120,
147
],
"form": [
14
],
"debris": [
15,
92,
115
],
"flows": [
16
],
"by": [
17,
40,
101,
132,
166
],
"three": [
18
],
"processes:": [
19
],
"(a)": [
20
],
"widespread": [
21
],
"Coulomb": [
22,
145
],
"failure": [
23,
146
],
"within": [
24
],
"a": [
25,
80,
102
],
"sloping": [
26
],
"soil,": [
27
],
"rock,": [
28
],
"or": [
29,
34,
104
],
"sediment": [
30
],
"mass,": [
31
],
"(b)": [
32
],
"partial": [
33
],
"complete": [
35
],
"liquefaction": [
36
],
"of": [
37,
47,
83,
150
],
"the": [
38,
142,
173
],
"mass": [
39
],
"high": [
41
],
"pore-fluid": [
42
],
"pressures,": [
43
],
"(c)": [
45
],
"conversion": [
46
],
"landslide": [
48
],
"translational": [
49
],
"energy": [
50,
54
],
"internal": [
52
],
"vibrational": [
53
],
"(i.e.": [
55
],
"granular": [
56,
125,
138
],
"temperature).": [
57
],
"These": [
58
],
"processes": [
59,
84
],
"can": [
60,
140
],
"operate": [
61,
70
],
"independently,": [
62
],
"but": [
63,
85
],
"in": [
64,
90,
113,
118,
156,
172
],
"many": [
65
],
"circumstances": [
66
],
"they": [
67
],
"appear": [
68
],
"simultaneously": [
71
],
"synergistically.": [
73
],
"Early": [
74
],
"work": [
75
],
"on": [
76,
87
],
"debris-flow": [
77,
162
],
"mobilization": [
78,
163
],
"described": [
79
],
"similar": [
81
],
"interplay": [
82
],
"relied": [
86
],
"mechanical": [
88
],
"models": [
89,
112,
129,
158
],
"which": [
91,
114
],
"behavior": [
93,
116
],
"was": [
94
],
"assumed": [
95
],
"be": [
97
],
"fixed": [
98
],
"governed": [
100
],
"Bingham": [
103
],
"Bagnold": [
105
],
"rheology.": [
106
],
"In": [
107
],
"contrast,": [
108
],
"this": [
109
],
"review": [
110
],
"emphasizes": [
111
],
"evolves": [
117
],
"response": [
119
],
"changing": [
121
],
"pore": [
122,
135
],
"pressures": [
123,
136
],
"temperatures.": [
126
],
"One-dimensional": [
127
],
"infinite-slope": [
128
],
"provide": [
130
],
"insight": [
131
],
"quantifying": [
133
],
"how": [
134
],
"temperatures": [
139
],
"influence": [
141
],
"transition": [
143
],
"from": [
144
],
"liquefaction.": [
148
],
"Analyses": [
149
],
"multidimensional": [
151
],
"experiments": [
152
],
"reveal": [
153
],
"complications": [
154
],
"ignored": [
155
],
"one-dimensional": [
157
],
"demonstrate": [
160
],
"may": [
164
],
"occur": [
165
],
"at": [
167
],
"least": [
168
],
"two": [
169
],
"distinct": [
170
],
"modes": [
171
],
"field.": [
174
]
},
"apc_list": null,
"apc_paid": null,
"authorships": [
{
"author_position": "first",
"author": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5042928943",
"display_name": "Richard M. Iverson",
"orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819"
},
"institutions": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
"display_name": "United States Geological Survey",
"ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863",
"country_code": "US",
"type": "government",
"lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
"https://openalex.org/I1335927249"
]
}
],
"countries": [
"US"
],
"is_corresponding": false,
"raw_author_name": "Richard M. Iverson",
"raw_affiliation_strings": [
"US Geological Survey, 5400 MacArthur Blvd., Vancouver, Washington 98661;"
],
"affiliations": [
{
"raw_affiliation_string": "US Geological Survey, 5400 MacArthur Blvd., Vancouver, Washington 98661;",
"institution_ids": [
"https://openalex.org/I1286329397"
]
}
]
},
{
"author_position": "middle",
"author": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5015574775",
"display_name": "Mark E. Reid",
"orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5595-1503"
},
"institutions": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
"display_name": "United States Geological Survey",
"ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863",
"country_code": "US",
"type": "government",
"lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
"https://openalex.org/I1335927249"
]
}
],
"countries": [
"US"
],
"is_corresponding": false,
"raw_author_name": "Mark E. Reid",
"raw_affiliation_strings": [
"US Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025"
],
"affiliations": [
{
"raw_affiliation_string": "US Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025",
"institution_ids": [
"https://openalex.org/I1286329397"
]
}
]
},
{
"author_position": "last",
"author": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5061526996",
"display_name": "Richard G. LaHusen",
"orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9352-8837"
},
"institutions": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
"display_name": "United States Geological Survey",
"ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863",
"country_code": "US",
"type": "government",
"lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
"https://openalex.org/I1335927249"
]
}
],
"countries": [
"US"
],
"is_corresponding": false,
"raw_author_name": "Richard G. LaHusen",
"raw_affiliation_strings": [
"US Geological Survey, 5400 MacArthur Blvd., Vancouver, Washington 98661"
],
"affiliations": [
{
"raw_affiliation_string": "US Geological Survey, 5400 MacArthur Blvd., Vancouver, Washington 98661",
"institution_ids": [
"https://openalex.org/I1286329397"
]
}
]
}
],
"best_oa_location": null,
"biblio": {
"volume": "25",
"issue": "1",
"first_page": "85",
"last_page": "138"
},
"cited_by_api_url": "https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2021675301",
"cited_by_count": 796,
"cited_by_percentile_year": {
"min": 99,
"max": 100
},
"concepts": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c2776023875",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637703",
"display_name": "Debris",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8280736,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c2776643431",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1817963",
"display_name": "Debris flow",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.77444494,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c186295008",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167903",
"display_name": "Landslide",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7357156,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c191859794",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180208",
"display_name": "Liquefaction",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.70488155,
"qid": "Q159202"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c127313418",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069",
"display_name": "Geology",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6833072,
"qid": "Q158984"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c102579867",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914346",
"display_name": "Pore water pressure",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54505324,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c187320778",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130",
"display_name": "Geotechnical engineering",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5375566,
"qid": "Q226247"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c38349280",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290",
"display_name": "Flow (mathematics)",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43475842,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c200990466",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271707",
"display_name": "Rheology",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4208585,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c57879066",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217",
"display_name": "Mechanics",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4030351,
"qid": "Q226266"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c114793014",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109",
"display_name": "Geomorphology",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36789635,
"qid": "Q158985"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c8058405",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255",
"display_name": "Geophysics",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32353142,
"qid": "Q158986"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c121332964",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413",
"display_name": "Physics",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.17967013,
"qid": "Q166093"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c111368507",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518",
"display_name": "Oceanography",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.0,
"qid": "Q166123"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c97355855",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473",
"display_name": "Thermodynamics",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.0,
"qid": "Q226322"
}
],
"corresponding_author_ids": [],
"corresponding_institution_ids": [],
"countries_distinct_count": 1,
"counts_by_year": [
{
"year": 2024,
"cited_by_count": 33
},
{
"year": 2023,
"cited_by_count": 41
},
{
"year": 2022,
"cited_by_count": 59
},
{
"year": 2021,
"cited_by_count": 54
},
{
"year": 2020,
"cited_by_count": 43
},
{
"year": 2019,
"cited_by_count": 41
},
{
"year": 2018,
"cited_by_count": 34
},
{
"year": 2017,
"cited_by_count": 37
},
{
"year": 2016,
"cited_by_count": 45
},
{
"year": 2015,
"cited_by_count": 43
},
{
"year": 2014,
"cited_by_count": 42
},
{
"year": 2013,
"cited_by_count": 44
},
{
"year": 2012,
"cited_by_count": 35
}
],
"created_date": "2016-06-24",
"datasets": [],
"display_name": "DEBRIS-FLOW MOBILIZATION FROM LANDSLIDES",
"doi": "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.85",
"fwci": 44.068,
"grants": [],
"has_fulltext": false,
"id": "https://openalex.org/W2021675301",
"ids": {
"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W2021675301",
"doi": "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.85",
"mag": "2021675301"
},
"indexed_in": [
"crossref"
],
"institutions_distinct_count": 1,
"is_paratext": false,
"is_retracted": false,
"keywords": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/debris-flows",
"display_name": "Debris Flows",
"score": 0.576305
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/landslides",
"display_name": "Landslides",
"score": 0.513363
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/rainfall-triggering",
"display_name": "Rainfall Triggering",
"score": 0.508466
}
],
"language": "en",
"locations": [
{
"is_oa": false,
"landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.85",
"pdf_url": null,
"source": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/S135981667",
"display_name": "Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences",
"issn_l": "0084-6597",
"issn": [
"0084-6597",
"1545-4495"
],
"is_oa": false,
"is_in_doaj": false,
"is_core": true,
"host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310320373",
"host_organization_name": "Annual Reviews",
"host_organization_lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/P4310320373"
],
"host_organization_lineage_names": [
"Annual Reviews"
],
"type": "journal"
},
"license": null,
"license_id": null,
"version": null,
"is_accepted": false,
"is_published": false
}
],
"locations_count": 1,
"mesh": [],
"ngrams_url": "https://api.openalex.org/works/W2021675301/ngrams",
"open_access": {
"is_oa": false,
"oa_status": "closed",
"oa_url": null,
"any_repository_has_fulltext": false
},
"primary_location": {
"is_oa": false,
"landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.85",
"pdf_url": null,
"source": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/S135981667",
"display_name": "Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences",
"issn_l": "0084-6597",
"issn": [
"0084-6597",
"1545-4495"
],
"is_oa": false,
"is_in_doaj": false,
"is_core": true,
"host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310320373",
"host_organization_name": "Annual Reviews",
"host_organization_lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/P4310320373"
],
"host_organization_lineage_names": [
"Annual Reviews"
],
"type": "journal"
},
"license": null,
"license_id": null,
"version": null,
"is_accepted": false,
"is_published": false
},
"primary_topic": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/T10535",
"display_name": "Landslide Hazards and Risk Assessment",
"score": 1.0,
"subfield": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2308",
"display_name": "Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"
},
"field": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/23",
"display_name": "Environmental Science"
},
"domain": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3",
"display_name": "Physical Sciences"
}
},
"publication_date": "1997-05-01",
"publication_year": 1997,
"referenced_works": [
"https://openalex.org/W1516869746",
"https://openalex.org/W1534067514",
"https://openalex.org/W1557626936",
"https://openalex.org/W1612523377",
"https://openalex.org/W1793799197",
"https://openalex.org/W1964850343",
"https://openalex.org/W1965843432",
"https://openalex.org/W1974792361",
"https://openalex.org/W1976972127",
"https://openalex.org/W1977577707",
"https://openalex.org/W1977771508",
"https://openalex.org/W1978893684",
"https://openalex.org/W1982508647",
"https://openalex.org/W1985639602",
"https://openalex.org/W1991202254",
"https://openalex.org/W1992124464",
"https://openalex.org/W1994122752",
"https://openalex.org/W1994741235",
"https://openalex.org/W1995623293",
"https://openalex.org/W1997172994",
"https://openalex.org/W1997954038",
"https://openalex.org/W2001742139",
"https://openalex.org/W2002552280",
"https://openalex.org/W2004264963",
"https://openalex.org/W2004301820",
"https://openalex.org/W2006948846",
"https://openalex.org/W2007527446",
"https://openalex.org/W2008842665",
"https://openalex.org/W2014143498",
"https://openalex.org/W2015320417",
"https://openalex.org/W2020028421",
"https://openalex.org/W2023876325",
"https://openalex.org/W2030742225",
"https://openalex.org/W2031782207",
"https://openalex.org/W2032090773",
"https://openalex.org/W2036288382",
"https://openalex.org/W2040382725",
"https://openalex.org/W2041265689",
"https://openalex.org/W2043175516",
"https://openalex.org/W2043957432",
"https://openalex.org/W2050560865",
"https://openalex.org/W2061978662",
"https://openalex.org/W2064363825",
"https://openalex.org/W2065008584",
"https://openalex.org/W2067377624",
"https://openalex.org/W2068280848",
"https://openalex.org/W2071135896",
"https://openalex.org/W2074356181",
"https://openalex.org/W2075164978",
"https://openalex.org/W2076837330",
"https://openalex.org/W2080491045",
"https://openalex.org/W2081069627",
"https://openalex.org/W2082983076",
"https://openalex.org/W2092856856",
"https://openalex.org/W2095441547",
"https://openalex.org/W2097033979",
"https://openalex.org/W2104350513",
"https://openalex.org/W2107104455",
"https://openalex.org/W2112790930",
"https://openalex.org/W2115416261",
"https://openalex.org/W2120923020",
"https://openalex.org/W2128114014",
"https://openalex.org/W2131820056",
"https://openalex.org/W2132025740",
"https://openalex.org/W2137052994",
"https://openalex.org/W2139417932",
"https://openalex.org/W2143920185",
"https://openalex.org/W2144465675",
"https://openalex.org/W2151526862",
"https://openalex.org/W2155731760",
"https://openalex.org/W2158022963",
"https://openalex.org/W2168785762",
"https://openalex.org/W2342033740",
"https://openalex.org/W2399362911",
"https://openalex.org/W2419113292",
"https://openalex.org/W2423150543",
"https://openalex.org/W2797933050",
"https://openalex.org/W4231673063",
"https://openalex.org/W4240422003",
"https://openalex.org/W4250523508",
"https://openalex.org/W4251266964",
"https://openalex.org/W4251421788",
"https://openalex.org/W560570113",
"https://openalex.org/W8554074",
"https://openalex.org/W955148465"
],
"referenced_works_count": 85,
"related_works": [
"https://openalex.org/W2991434004",
"https://openalex.org/W2911563142",
"https://openalex.org/W2793141244",
"https://openalex.org/W2357620750",
"https://openalex.org/W2356868884",
"https://openalex.org/W2356402003",
"https://openalex.org/W2319326820",
"https://openalex.org/W2093486058",
"https://openalex.org/W187473655",
"https://openalex.org/W1636843286"
],
"sustainable_development_goals": [],
"title": "DEBRIS-FLOW MOBILIZATION FROM LANDSLIDES",
"topics": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/T10535",
"display_name": "Landslide Hazards and Risk Assessment",
"score": 1.0,
"subfield": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2308",
"display_name": "Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"
},
"field": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/23",
"display_name": "Environmental Science"
},
"domain": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3",
"display_name": "Physical Sciences"
}
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/T10716",
"display_name": "Mechanics and Transport in Unsaturated Soils",
"score": 0.9971,
"subfield": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2205",
"display_name": "Civil and Structural Engineering"
},
"field": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22",
"display_name": "Engineering"
},
"domain": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3",
"display_name": "Physical Sciences"
}
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/T10615",
"display_name": "Dynamics of Granular Flow Systems",
"score": 0.9923,
"subfield": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2206",
"display_name": "Computational Mechanics"
},
"field": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22",
"display_name": "Engineering"
},
"domain": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3",
"display_name": "Physical Sciences"
}
}
],
"type": "article",
"type_crossref": "journal-article",
"updated_date": "2024-08-06T05:48:28.736064",
"versions": [],
"qid": null
}
}