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"abstract": "In the Arctic, warming air and ocean temperatures have resulted in substantial changes to sea ice, which is primary habitat for polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Reductions in extent, duration, and thickness have altered\u00a0sea ice dynamics, which influences the ability of polar bears to reliably access\u00a0marine mammal\u00a0prey. Because nutritional condition is closely linked to population vital rates, a progressive decline in access to prey or an increase in the energetic cost of accessing prey has the potential to adversely affect polar bear population dynamics. We examined long-term (1983\u20132015) patterns of spring body condition (indexed using\u00a0residual body\u00a0mass) and maternal investment (i.e., litter mass of cubs-of-the-year and\u00a0yearlings; COY and YRL) of polar bears from Alaska\u2019s southern Beaufort Sea to evaluate potential relationships with regional- and circumpolar-scale sea ice conditions and atmospheric patterns. The length of the summer open-water (OW) season (i.e., the period of time the sea ice is mostly absent from the continental shelf) increased at a rate of 18 days decade-1\u00a0over the study period. However, the OW season duration was not a strong determinant of spring residual body mass or litter mass. Residual body mass of independent (i.e., subadults and adults) female bears varied relative to age class,\u00a0reproductive status, and the strength of the prior winter\u2019s\u00a0Arctic Oscillation\u00a0(i.e., a circumpolar-scale mode of\u00a0climate variability\u00a0driven by long-term atmospheric patterns). Spring residual mass of independent males varied with age class and variation in wind speed (i.e., regional-scale short-term atmospheric patterns) during the winter of the year preceding capture. Over the study period, mean annual body mass of adult females unaccompanied by COY declined by 4\u00a0kg/ decade-1, while no temporal trends were evident in the mean annual body mass of adult females with COY, adult males, and subadults. Litter mass of COY varied relative to capture date, maternal age class and mass,\u00a0litter size, and year of capture. Litter mass of YRL varied with capture date, maternal age class and mass, litter size, variation in winter wind speed (the year of and year preceding capture), and the strength of the prior winter\u2019s Arctic Oscillation. Mean annual litter mass of COY decreased at a rate of 2.6\u00a0kg decade-1\u00a0and declined 0.68\u00a0kg for every 10\u00a0kg reduction in maternal mass. No trend was evident in the mean annual litter mass of yearlings. These findings suggest a nuanced response of the southern Beaufort Sea polar bears to environmental change, where some demographic groups (e.g., adult males and subadults) are presently more resilient than others to changes in the Arctic\u00a0marine ecosystem.",
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