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"abstract": "Several powerful explosive eruptions have taken place in the populated lower East Rift Zone of K\u012blauea within the past \u223c750\u00a0years. These have created distinctive landforms, including a tephra rim enclosing Pu\u02bbulena Crater immediately south of the Puna Geothermal Venture power station, a tuff cone at Kapoho Crater near the eastern cape of the Island of Hawai\u02bbi, and a set of littoral cones, the Sand Hill in N\u0101n\u0101wale, where the 1840 lava flow poured into the ocean. Kapoho Crater tuff cone is the largest of these recent pyroclastic features. Mineral, glass, and melt inclusion analyses of tuff cone ash and later fissure-related scoriaceous materials also found within the crater indicate slightly evolved basaltic magmas (1120\u20131130\u00a0\u00b0C) that are compositionally similar to parts of the effusive lower East Rift Zone eruptions in 1955 and 2018. Tuff cone magmas were stored at depths of \u223c2.5\u20133.5\u00a0km and had pre-eruptive volatile contents (0.5\u20130.8\u00a0wt% H2O, 280\u2013340\u00a0ppm CO2, 1400\u20131800\u00a0ppm\u00a0S) similar to other K\u012blauea eruptions (e.g., 1959, 1960), suggesting that internal magma properties were unlikely to account for the unusual explosiveness of this eruption. Tephra componentry, grain-size analyses, and field observations confirm that the cone grew during a phreatomagmatic eruption mostly of vitric ash, probably where a fissure opened across the coastline or shallow ocean floor nearby. Supporting this hypothesis is the identification of at least two genera of marine diatoms within tuff cone strata. Sand Hill littoral cone ash is also vitric like that of Kapoho Crater, but distinctly coarser with abundant fluidal ejecta represented. In contrast, the Pu\u02bbulena Crater eruption deposited lithic ash and related blocks with minor juvenile magmatic contribution; a phreatomagmatic eruption that was dominantly phreatic. Differences in eruption styles are related to unique mechanics that tephra analyses help us interpret. While powerful explosive eruptions in the lower East Rift Zone are rare, they present a definite future hazard for inhabitants in this part of Hawaii.",
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