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"abstract": "The permafrost zone is expected to be a substantial carbon source to the atmosphere, yet large-scale models currently only\nsimulate gradual changes in seasonally thawed soil. Abrupt thaw will probably occur in <20% of the permafrost zone but could\naffect half of permafrost carbon through collapsing ground, rapid erosion and landslides. Here, we synthesize the best available\ninformation and develop inventory models to simulate abrupt thaw impacts on permafrost carbon balance. Emissions across\n2.5 million km2 of abrupt thaw could provide a similar climate feedback as gradual thaw emissions from the entire 18 million km2\npermafrost region under the warming projection of Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5. While models forecast that\ngradual thaw may lead to net ecosystem carbon uptake under projections of Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5, abrupt\nthaw emissions are likely to offset this potential carbon sink. Active hillslope erosional features will occupy 3% of abrupt thaw\nterrain by 2300 but emit one-third of abrupt thaw carbon losses. Thaw lakes and wetlands are methane hot spots but their\ncarbon release is partially offset by slowly regrowing vegetation. After considering abrupt thaw stabilization, lake drainage and\nsoil carbon uptake by vegetation regrowth, we conclude that models considering only gradual permafrost thaw are substantially\nunderestimating carbon emissions from thawing permafrost.",
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