{
"USGS Publications Warehouse": { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Article", "additionalType": "Journal Article", "name": "Organic geochemical studies of the transformation of gymnospermous xylem during peatification and coalification to subbituminous coal", "identifier": [ { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse IndexID", "value": "70016453", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70016453" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse Internal ID", "value": 70016453 }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "DOI", "value": "10.1016/0166-5162(89)90090-6", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(89)90090-6" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ISSN", "value": "01665162" } ], "journal": { "@type": "Periodical", "name": "International Journal of Coal Geology", "volumeNumber": "16", "issueNumber": "1-3" }, "inLanguage": "en", "isPartOf": [ { "@type": "CreativeWorkSeries", "name": "International Journal of Coal Geology" } ], "datePublished": "1990", "dateModified": "2024-02-22", "abstract": "Organic geochemical investigations of peatified and coalified xylem from gymnosperms have provided useful information on the organic transformational processes collectively known as coalification. The combined use of solid-state\u00a013C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (py/gc/ms) has allowed us to examine the organic composition of peatified and coalified xylem on both a bulk (average) compositional basis and on a detailed molecular basis. We conclude from our studies that coalification of gymnospermous xylem involves the following processes1.(1) early selective removal of cellulosic materials so that lignin, a primary constituent of xylem, is transformed to macromolecular aromatic components in coal;2.(2) modification of gymnospermous lignin by demethylation to form catechol-like structures, and by condensation reactions to induce a high level of cross-linking at an early stage of coalification; and(3) dehydroxylation during increasing coalification to subbituminous coal, the resultant xylem becomes more phenolic in character as the catechol-like structures decrease.", "description": "4 p.", "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Elsevier" }, "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "Hatcher, Patrick G.", "givenName": "Patrick G.", "familyName": "Hatcher" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Lerch, H. E. III", "givenName": "H. E.", "familyName": "Lerch" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Verheyen, T.V.", "givenName": "T.V.", "familyName": "Verheyen" } ] }, "OpenAlex": { "_id": "https://openalex.org/w4255606643", "abstract_inverted_index": { "Organic": [ 0 ], "geochemical": [ 1 ], "investigations": [ 2 ], "of": [ 3, 26, 46, 71, 82, 91, 103, 121, 127 ], "peatified": [ 4, 47 ], "and": [ 5, 33, 48, 58, 112, 129 ], "coalified": [ 6, 49 ], "xylem": [ 7, 50, 73, 140 ], "from": [ 8, 66 ], "gymnosperms": [ 9 ], "have": [ 10 ], "provided": [ 11 ], "useful": [ 12 ], "information": [ 13 ], "on": [ 14, 51, 59 ], "the": [ 15, 43, 75, 138, 147 ], "organic": [ 16, 44 ], "transformational": [ 17 ], "processes": [ 18 ], "collectively": [ 19 ], "known": [ 20 ], "as": [ 21, 146 ], "coalification.": [ 22 ], "The": [ 23 ], "combined": [ 24 ], "use": [ 25 ], "solid-state": [ 27 ], "13C": [ 28 ], "nuclear": [ 29 ], "magnetic": [ 30 ], "resonance": [ 31 ], "(NMR)": [ 32 ], "pyrolysis/gas": [ 34 ], "chromatography/mass": [ 35 ], "spectrometry": [ 36 ], "(py/gc/ms)": [ 37 ], "has": [ 38 ], "allowed": [ 39 ], "us": [ 40 ], "to": [ 41, 95, 108, 116, 135 ], "examine": [ 42 ], "composition": [ 45 ], "both": [ 52 ], "a": [ 53, 60, 88, 118 ], "bulk": [ 54 ], "(average)": [ 55 ], "compositional": [ 56 ], "basis": [ 57 ], "detailed": [ 61 ], "molecular": [ 62 ], "basis.": [ 63 ], "We": [ 64 ], "conclude": [ 65 ], "our": [ 67 ], "studies": [ 68 ], "that": [ 69, 86 ], "coalification": [ 70, 134 ], "gymnospermous": [ 72, 104 ], "involves": [ 74 ], "following": [ 76 ], "processes:": [ 77 ], "(1)": [ 78 ], "early": [ 79, 125 ], "selective": [ 80 ], "removal": [ 81 ], "cellulosic": [ 83 ], "materials": [ 84 ], "so": [ 85 ], "lignin,": [ 87 ], "primary": [ 89 ], "constituent": [ 90 ], "xylem,": [ 92 ], "is": [ 93 ], "transformed": [ 94 ], "macromolecular": [ 96 ], "aromatic": [ 97 ], "components": [ 98 ], "in": [ 99, 144 ], "coal;": [ 100 ], "(2)": [ 101 ], "modification": [ 102 ], "lignin": [ 105 ], "by": [ 106, 113 ], "demethylation": [ 107 ], "form": [ 109 ], "catechol-like": [ 110, 148 ], "structures,": [ 111 ], "condensation": [ 114 ], "reactions": [ 115 ], "induce": [ 117 ], "high": [ 119 ], "level": [ 120 ], "cross-linking": [ 122 ], "at": [ 123 ], "an": [ 124 ], "stage": [ 126 ], "coalification;": [ 128 ], "(3)": [ 130 ], "dehydroxylation": [ 131 ], "during": [ 132 ], "increasing": [ 133 ], "subbituminous": [ 136 ], "coal,": [ 137 ], "resultant": [ 139 ], "becomes": [ 141 ], "more": [ 142 ], "phenolic": [ 143 ], "character": [ 145 ], "structures": [ 149 ], "decrease.": [ 150 ] }, "apc_list": { "value": 4270, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 4270, "provenance": "doaj" }, "apc_paid": null, "authorships": [ { "author_position": "first", "author": { "id": "https://openalex.org/A5069218124", "display_name": "Patrick G. Hatcher", "orcid": null }, "institutions": [ { "id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "display_name": "United States Geological Survey", "ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863", "country_code": "US", "type": "government", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "https://openalex.org/I1335927249" ] } ], "countries": [ "US" ], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Patrick G. Hatcher", "raw_affiliation_strings": [ "U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 22092, U.S.A." ], "affiliations": [ { "raw_affiliation_string": "U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 22092, U.S.A.", "institution_ids": [ "https://openalex.org/I1286329397" ] } ] }, { "author_position": "middle", "author": { "id": "https://openalex.org/A5067440621", "display_name": "Harry E. Lerch", "orcid": null }, "institutions": [ { "id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "display_name": "United States Geological Survey", "ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863", "country_code": "US", "type": "government", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "https://openalex.org/I1335927249" ] } ], "countries": [ "US" ], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Harry E. Lerch", "raw_affiliation_strings": [ "U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 22092, U.S.A." ], "affiliations": [ { "raw_affiliation_string": "U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 22092, U.S.A.", "institution_ids": [ "https://openalex.org/I1286329397" ] } ] }, { "author_position": "last", "author": { "id": "https://openalex.org/A5027760690", "display_name": "Thomas Verheyen", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0831-3901" }, "institutions": [], "countries": [ "AU" ], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "T. Vincent Verheyen", "raw_affiliation_strings": [ "Coal Corporation of Victoria, Churchill, Vic. 3842, Australia" ], "affiliations": [ { "raw_affiliation_string": "Coal Corporation of Victoria, Churchill, Vic. 3842, Australia", "institution_ids": [] } ] } ], "best_oa_location": null, "biblio": { "volume": "13", "issue": "1-4", "first_page": "65", "last_page": "97" }, "citation_normalized_percentile": { "value": 0.968469, "is_in_top_1_percent": false, "is_in_top_10_percent": true }, "cited_by_api_url": "https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4255606643", "cited_by_count": 72, "cited_by_percentile_year": { "min": 95, "max": 96 }, "concepts": [ { "id": "https://openalex.org/C49799701", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122811", "display_name": "Xylem", "level": 2, "score": 0.90883607 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781052789", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184817", "display_name": "Lignin", "level": 2, "score": 0.8708831 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329", "display_name": "Chemistry", "level": 0, "score": 0.7207757 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/C518851703", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24489", "display_name": "Coal", "level": 2, "score": 0.51576734 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779348937", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424855", "display_name": "Alkylbenzenes", "level": 3, "score": 0.44351593 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/C36759035", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176848", "display_name": "Pyrolysis", "level": 2, "score": 0.4293644 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/C178790620", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351", "display_name": "Organic chemistry", "level": 1, "score": 0.30154982 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/C59822182", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441", "display_name": "Botany", "level": 1, "score": 0.2527486 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777691172", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2270", "display_name": "Benzene", "level": 2, "score": 0.102483064 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420", "display_name": "Biology", "level": 0, "score": 0.0 } ], "corresponding_author_ids": [], "corresponding_institution_ids": [], "countries_distinct_count": 2, "counts_by_year": [ { "year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 1 }, { "year": 2022, "cited_by_count": 3 }, { "year": 2021, "cited_by_count": 3 }, { "year": 2019, "cited_by_count": 2 }, { "year": 2018, "cited_by_count": 1 }, { "year": 2017, "cited_by_count": 3 }, { "year": 2016, "cited_by_count": 1 }, { "year": 2015, "cited_by_count": 2 }, { "year": 2014, "cited_by_count": 1 }, { "year": 2013, "cited_by_count": 2 }, { "year": 2012, "cited_by_count": 3 } ], "created_date": "2022-05-12", "datasets": [], "display_name": "Organic geochemical studies of the transformation of gymnospermous xylem during peatification and coalification to subbituminous coal", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(89)90090-6", "fulltext_origin": "ngrams", "fwci": 2.944, "grants": [], "has_fulltext": true, "id": "https://openalex.org/W4255606643", "ids": { "openalex": "https://openalex.org/W4255606643", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(89)90090-6" }, "indexed_in": [ "crossref" ], "institutions_distinct_count": 1, "is_paratext": false, "is_retracted": false, "keywords": [ { "id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/coal-geochemistry", "display_name": "Coal Geochemistry", "score": 0.511085 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/alkylbenzenes", "display_name": "Alkylbenzenes", "score": 0.44351593 } ], "language": "en", "locations": [ { "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(89)90090-6", "pdf_url": null, "source": { "id": "https://openalex.org/S6747076", "display_name": "International Journal of Coal Geology", "issn_l": "0166-5162", "issn": [ "0166-5162", "1872-7840" ], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310320990", "host_organization_name": "Elsevier BV", "host_organization_lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/P4310320990" ], "host_organization_lineage_names": [ "Elsevier BV" ], "type": "journal" }, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": null, "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false } ], "locations_count": 1, "mesh": [], "ngrams_url": "https://api.openalex.org/works/W4255606643/ngrams", "open_access": { "is_oa": false, "oa_status": "closed", "oa_url": null, "any_repository_has_fulltext": false }, "primary_location": { "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(89)90090-6", "pdf_url": null, "source": { "id": "https://openalex.org/S6747076", "display_name": "International Journal of Coal Geology", "issn_l": "0166-5162", "issn": [ "0166-5162", "1872-7840" ], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310320990", "host_organization_name": "Elsevier BV", "host_organization_lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/P4310320990" ], "host_organization_lineage_names": [ "Elsevier BV" ], "type": "journal" }, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": null, "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false }, "primary_topic": { "id": "https://openalex.org/T11208", "display_name": "Catalytic Valorization of Lignin for Renewable Chemicals", "score": 0.9984, "subfield": { "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering" }, "field": { "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering" }, "domain": { "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences" } }, "publication_date": "1989-07-01", "publication_year": 1989, "referenced_works": [ "https://openalex.org/W1568068075", "https://openalex.org/W1583087387", "https://openalex.org/W1601236454", "https://openalex.org/W1965054514", "https://openalex.org/W1976242295", "https://openalex.org/W1977390000", "https://openalex.org/W1977586365", "https://openalex.org/W1977857093", "https://openalex.org/W1986832243", "https://openalex.org/W1989339044", "https://openalex.org/W1993757873", "https://openalex.org/W1994594046", "https://openalex.org/W2003808842", "https://openalex.org/W2005832637", "https://openalex.org/W2006941984", "https://openalex.org/W2032776004", "https://openalex.org/W2046977190", "https://openalex.org/W2054500019", "https://openalex.org/W2064839368", "https://openalex.org/W2074550336", "https://openalex.org/W2077715548", "https://openalex.org/W2081534679", "https://openalex.org/W2081827453", "https://openalex.org/W2084356231", "https://openalex.org/W2090624613", "https://openalex.org/W2092108698", "https://openalex.org/W2101618745", "https://openalex.org/W2137969735", "https://openalex.org/W2152735953", "https://openalex.org/W2316107500", "https://openalex.org/W2386651037", "https://openalex.org/W2979426335" ], "referenced_works_count": 32, "related_works": [ "https://openalex.org/W67348091", "https://openalex.org/W3152075615", "https://openalex.org/W2950717923", "https://openalex.org/W2242142561", "https://openalex.org/W2133075892", "https://openalex.org/W2085597852", "https://openalex.org/W1988519697", "https://openalex.org/W1549055057", "https://openalex.org/W1535173600", "https://openalex.org/W1519504138" ], "sustainable_development_goals": [], "title": "Organic geochemical studies of the transformation of gymnospermous xylem during peatification and coalification to subbituminous coal", "topics": [ { "id": "https://openalex.org/T11208", "display_name": "Catalytic Valorization of Lignin for Renewable Chemicals", "score": 0.9984, "subfield": { "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering" }, "field": { "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering" }, "domain": { "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences" } }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/T10088", "display_name": "Biomass Pyrolysis and Conversion Technologies", "score": 0.997, "subfield": { "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering" }, "field": { "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering" }, "domain": { "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences" } }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/T12218", "display_name": "Geochemistry and Utilization of Coal and Coal Byproducts", "score": 0.9824, "subfield": { "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1906", "display_name": "Geochemistry and Petrology" }, "field": { "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/19", "display_name": "Earth and Planetary Sciences" }, "domain": { "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences" } } ], "type": "article", "type_crossref": "journal-article", "updated_date": "2024-08-11T11:51:16.865529", "versions": [] }
}