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   "@type": "Article",
   "additionalType": "Journal Article",
   "name": "The influence of shelf bathymetry and beach topography on extreme total water levels: Linking large-scale changes of the wave climate to local coastal hazards",
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     "name": "Coastal Engineering",
     "volumeNumber": "150",
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   "abstract": "Total water levels (TWLs) at the coast are driven by a combination of deterministic (e.g.,\ntides) and stochastic (e.g., waves, storm surge, and sea level anomalies) processes. The contribution of each process to TWLs varies depending on regional differences in climate and\nframework geology, as well as local-scale variations in beach morphology, coastal orientation,\nand shelf bathymetry. Large-scale changes to the climate altering the frequency, direction,\nand intensity of storms, may therefore propagate to the nearshore differently, amplifying or\nsuppressing local coastal hazards and changing the exposure of coastal communities to extreme\nTWLs. This study investigates the hydrodynamic and geomorphologic factors controlling\nlocal TWLs along high-energy United States coastlines where wave-influences dominate\nTWLs. Three study sites in the states of Washington, Oregon, and California are chosen\nto explore how regional and local differences in beach topography and wave transformation\nover shelf bathymetry drives variations in the magnitude and impacts of extreme TWLs. Results\nindicate that TWLs are most influenced by wave transformation processes in locations\nwith steep beach slopes (which drive larger relative contributions of wave runup) and complex\noffshore bathymetry, while beach topography influences the severity of coastal impacts.\nOnce the relative morphologic controls on TWLs are better understood, hypothetical future\nclimate scenarios are explored to assess how changes to the average deepwater wave climate\n(height, period, and direction) may alter local TWLs when compared to estimates of likely\nsea level rise and future coastal management strategies. Changes to the wave climate are\nfound to be as detrimental to the coastline as sea level rise in some locations, where small\nvariations of the TWL drive large, nonlinear changes in hours of impact to the backshore\nbeach. Overall, this study develops an approach for quantifying the range of hydrodynamic\nand morphologic controls on the magnitude of TWLs which will ultimately better prepare\ncoastal communities for uncertain changes to the global climate.",
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}

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