{
"USGS Publications Warehouse": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"additionalType": "Journal Article",
"name": "Hybrid CPU-GPU solution to regularized divergence-free curl-curl equations for electromagnetic inversion problems",
"identifier": [
{
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse IndexID",
"value": "70251215",
"url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70251215"
},
{
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse Internal ID",
"value": 70251215
},
{
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.1016/j.cageo.2024.105518",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2024.105518"
}
],
"journal": {
"@type": "Periodical",
"name": "Computers and Geosciences",
"volumeNumber": "184",
"issueNumber": null
},
"inLanguage": "en",
"isPartOf": [
{
"@type": "CreativeWorkSeries",
"name": "Computers and Geosciences"
}
],
"datePublished": "2024",
"dateModified": "2024-01-29",
"abstract": "The Curl-Curl equation is the foundation of time-harmonic electromagnetic (EM) problems in\u00a0geophysics. The efficiency of its solution is key to\u00a0EM simulations, accounting for over 95% of the computation cost in geophysical inversions for\u00a0magnetotelluric\u00a0or controlled-source EM problems. However, most published EM inversion codes are still\u00a0central processing unit\u00a0(CPU)-based and cannot utilize recent computational developments on the\u00a0graphic processing units\u00a0(GPUs). Based on a previously proposed divergence-free algorithm developed on CPUs, this study demonstrates the current limits of the CPU-based\u00a0inversion procedure. To exploit the\u00a0high throughput\u00a0capability of GPUs, we propose a hybrid CPU-GPU framework to solve forward and\u00a0adjoint\u00a0problems required for EM inversions. The large sparse\u00a0linear systems\u00a0arising from the staggered-grid finite difference approximation of the Curl-Curl equation are solved with a mixed-precision\u00a0Krylov subspace\u00a0solver implemented on a GPU. The algorithm is then tested in EM forward and adjoint calculations, with real-world three-dimensional numerical examples. Test results show promising 30\u00d7 kernel-level speed-ups over the conventional CPU algorithm. This approach may further take the complex frequency domain EM inversions onto the next, practical stage on small affordable GPU platforms.",
"description": "105518, 13 p.",
"publisher": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Elsevier"
},
"author": [
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Dong, Hao",
"givenName": "Hao",
"familyName": "Dong",
"affiliation": [
{
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "School of Geophysics and Information Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"
}
]
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Sun, Kai",
"givenName": "Kai",
"familyName": "Sun",
"affiliation": [
{
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "School of Geophysics and Information Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"
}
]
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Egbert, Gary D.",
"givenName": "Gary D.",
"familyName": "Egbert"
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Kelbert, Anna akelbert@usgs.gov",
"givenName": "Anna",
"familyName": "Kelbert",
"email": "akelbert@usgs.gov",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "ORCID",
"value": "0000-0003-4395-398X",
"url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4395-398X"
},
"affiliation": [
{
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Geologic Hazards Science Center",
"url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/geologic-hazards-science-center"
}
]
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Meqbel, Naser",
"givenName": "Naser",
"familyName": "Meqbel"
}
],
"funder": [
{
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Geologic Hazards Science Center - Seismology / Geomagnetism",
"url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/geologic-hazards-science-center"
}
]
},
"OpenAlex": {
"_id": "https://openalex.org/w4390837124",
"abstract_inverted_index": {
"The": [
0,
13,
109,
137
],
"Curl-Curl": [
1,
123
],
"equation": [
2,
124
],
"is": [
3,
18,
139
],
"the": [
4,
28,
59,
77,
81,
87,
116,
122,
161,
170,
177
],
"foundation": [
5
],
"of": [
6,
15,
27,
80,
91,
121
],
"time-harmonic": [
7
],
"electromagnetic": [
8
],
"(EM)": [
9
],
"problems": [
10,
104
],
"in": [
11,
31,
142
],
"geophysics.": [
12
],
"efficiency": [
14
],
"its": [
16
],
"solution": [
17
],
"key": [
19
],
"to": [
20,
99
],
"EM": [
21,
38,
43,
107,
143,
174
],
"simulations,": [
22
],
"accounting": [
23
],
"for": [
24,
34,
106
],
"over": [
25,
160
],
"95%": [
26
],
"computation": [
29
],
"cost": [
30
],
"geophysical": [
32
],
"inversions": [
33,
175
],
"magnetotelluric": [
35
],
"or": [
36
],
"controlled-source": [
37
],
"problems.": [
39
],
"However,": [
40
],
"most": [
41
],
"published": [
42
],
"inversion": [
44,
83
],
"codes": [
45
],
"are": [
46,
125
],
"still": [
47
],
"central": [
48
],
"processing": [
49,
61
],
"unit": [
50
],
"(CPU)-based": [
51
],
"and": [
52,
102,
145
],
"cannot": [
53
],
"utilize": [
54
],
"recent": [
55
],
"computational": [
56
],
"developments": [
57
],
"on": [
58,
65,
72,
134,
181
],
"graphic": [
60
],
"units": [
62
],
"(GPUs).": [
63
],
"Based": [
64
],
"a": [
66,
95,
128,
135
],
"previously": [
67
],
"proposed": [
68
],
"divergence-free": [
69
],
"algorithm": [
70,
138
],
"developed": [
71
],
"CPUs,": [
73
],
"this": [
74
],
"study": [
75
],
"demonstrates": [
76
],
"current": [
78
],
"limits": [
79
],
"CPU-based": [
82
],
"procedure.": [
84
],
"To": [
85
],
"exploit": [
86
],
"high": [
88
],
"throughput": [
89
],
"capability": [
90
],
"GPUs,": [
92
],
"we": [
93
],
"propose": [
94
],
"hybrid": [
96
],
"CPU-GPU": [
97
],
"framework": [
98
],
"solve": [
100
],
"forward": [
101,
144
],
"adjoint": [
103,
146
],
"required": [
105
],
"inversions.": [
108
],
"large": [
110
],
"sparse": [
111
],
"linear": [
112
],
"systems": [
113
],
"arising": [
114
],
"from": [
115
],
"staggered-grid": [
117
],
"finite": [
118
],
"difference": [
119
],
"approximation": [
120
],
"solved": [
126
],
"with": [
127,
148
],
"mixed-precision": [
129
],
"Krylov": [
130
],
"subspace": [
131
],
"solver": [
132
],
"implemented": [
133
],
"GPU.": [
136
],
"then": [
140
],
"tested": [
141
],
"calculations,": [
147
],
"real-world": [
149
],
"three-dimensional": [
150
],
"numerical": [
151
],
"examples.": [
152
],
"Test": [
153
],
"results": [
154
],
"show": [
155
],
"promising": [
156
],
"30\u00d7": [
157
],
"kernel-level": [
158
],
"speed-ups": [
159
],
"conventional": [
162
],
"CPU": [
163
],
"algorithm.": [
164
],
"This": [
165
],
"approach": [
166
],
"may": [
167
],
"further": [
168
],
"take": [
169
],
"complex": [
171
],
"frequency": [
172
],
"domain": [
173
],
"onto": [
176
],
"next,": [
178
],
"practical": [
179
],
"stage": [
180
],
"small": [
182
],
"affordable": [
183
],
"GPU": [
184
],
"platforms.": [
185
]
},
"apc_list": {
"value": 3630,
"currency": "USD",
"value_usd": 3630,
"provenance": "doaj"
},
"apc_paid": null,
"authorships": [
{
"author_position": "first",
"author": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5024567984",
"display_name": "Hao Dong",
"orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5457-0557"
},
"institutions": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/I3125743391",
"display_name": "China University of Geosciences (Beijing)",
"ror": "https://ror.org/04q6c7p66",
"country_code": "CN",
"type": "education",
"lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/I3125743391"
]
}
],
"countries": [
"CN"
],
"is_corresponding": true,
"raw_author_name": "Hao Dong",
"raw_affiliation_strings": [
"China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China"
],
"affiliations": [
{
"raw_affiliation_string": "China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China",
"institution_ids": [
"https://openalex.org/I3125743391"
]
}
]
},
{
"author_position": "middle",
"author": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5100951111",
"display_name": "Kai Sun",
"orcid": null
},
"institutions": [],
"countries": [
"CN"
],
"is_corresponding": false,
"raw_author_name": "Kai Sun",
"raw_affiliation_strings": [
"NVIDIA Corporation, Beijing, China"
],
"affiliations": [
{
"raw_affiliation_string": "NVIDIA Corporation, Beijing, China",
"institution_ids": []
}
]
},
{
"author_position": "middle",
"author": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5051727497",
"display_name": "G. D. Egbert",
"orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1276-8538"
},
"institutions": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/I131249849",
"display_name": "Oregon State University",
"ror": "https://ror.org/00ysfqy60",
"country_code": "US",
"type": "education",
"lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/I131249849"
]
}
],
"countries": [
"US"
],
"is_corresponding": false,
"raw_author_name": "Gary Egbert",
"raw_affiliation_strings": [
"Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA"
],
"affiliations": [
{
"raw_affiliation_string": "Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA",
"institution_ids": [
"https://openalex.org/I131249849"
]
}
]
},
{
"author_position": "middle",
"author": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5075822850",
"display_name": "Anna Kelbert",
"orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4395-398X"
},
"institutions": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
"display_name": "United States Geological Survey",
"ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863",
"country_code": "US",
"type": "government",
"lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
"https://openalex.org/I1335927249"
]
}
],
"countries": [
"US"
],
"is_corresponding": false,
"raw_author_name": "Anna Kelbert",
"raw_affiliation_strings": [
"United States Geological Survey, Golden, CO, USA"
],
"affiliations": [
{
"raw_affiliation_string": "United States Geological Survey, Golden, CO, USA",
"institution_ids": [
"https://openalex.org/I1286329397"
]
}
]
},
{
"author_position": "last",
"author": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5025560323",
"display_name": "Naser Meqbel",
"orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2459-4838"
},
"institutions": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210089142",
"display_name": "DB Engineering & Consulting (Germany)",
"ror": "https://ror.org/005ma5a25",
"country_code": "DE",
"type": "company",
"lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/I4210089142"
]
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210089367",
"display_name": "Valongo Observatory",
"ror": "https://ror.org/005cybj21",
"country_code": "BR",
"type": "facility",
"lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/I122140584",
"https://openalex.org/I4210089367"
]
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210125312",
"display_name": "National Observatory",
"ror": "https://ror.org/03d47z838",
"country_code": "BR",
"type": "facility",
"lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/I4210125312"
]
}
],
"countries": [
"BR",
"DE"
],
"is_corresponding": false,
"raw_author_name": "Naser Meqbel",
"raw_affiliation_strings": [
"3D Consulting-GEO GmbH, Berlin, Germany",
"Observat\u00f3rio Nacional, RJ, Brazil"
],
"affiliations": [
{
"raw_affiliation_string": "3D Consulting-GEO GmbH, Berlin, Germany",
"institution_ids": [
"https://openalex.org/I4210089142"
]
},
{
"raw_affiliation_string": "Observat\u00f3rio Nacional, RJ, Brazil",
"institution_ids": [
"https://openalex.org/I4210089367",
"https://openalex.org/I4210125312"
]
}
]
}
],
"best_oa_location": null,
"biblio": {
"volume": "184",
"issue": null,
"first_page": "105518",
"last_page": "105518"
},
"citation_normalized_percentile": null,
"cited_by_api_url": "https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4390837124",
"cited_by_count": 0,
"cited_by_percentile_year": {
"min": 0,
"max": 88
},
"concepts": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778770139",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1966904",
"display_name": "Solver",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7216691
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198",
"display_name": "Computer science",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.70661306
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C459310",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801",
"display_name": "Computational science",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.636101
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49154492",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5300",
"display_name": "Central processing unit",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61752975
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147663694",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144631",
"display_name": "Curl (programming language)",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5850511
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173608175",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661",
"display_name": "Parallel computing",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5647613
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1893757",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3653001",
"display_name": "Inversion (geology)",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46075898
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83283714",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121117",
"display_name": "Supercomputer",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43776646
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206844423",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157313",
"display_name": "Computational electromagnetics",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43111283
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779851693",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183484",
"display_name": "Graphics processing unit",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42750221
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366",
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42409378
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28826006",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521",
"display_name": "Applied mathematics",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37338704
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126255220",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495",
"display_name": "Mathematical optimization",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35682872
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395",
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.21581116
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28843909",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177625",
"display_name": "Electromagnetic field",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.18338215
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413",
"display_name": "Physics",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.12566382
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069",
"display_name": "Geology",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.098285496
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151730666",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205",
"display_name": "Paleontology",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.0
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109007969",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749565",
"display_name": "Structural basin",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.0
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944",
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.0
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199360897",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143",
"display_name": "Programming language",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.0
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111919701",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135",
"display_name": "Operating system",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.0
}
],
"corresponding_author_ids": [
"https://openalex.org/A5024567984"
],
"corresponding_institution_ids": [
"https://openalex.org/I3125743391"
],
"countries_distinct_count": 4,
"counts_by_year": [],
"created_date": "2024-01-14",
"datasets": [],
"display_name": "Hybrid CPU-GPU solution to regularized divergence-free curl-curl equations for electromagnetic inversion problems",
"doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2024.105518",
"fwci": 0.0,
"grants": [
{
"funder": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001",
"funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China",
"award_id": "4227040447"
},
{
"funder": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001",
"funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China",
"award_id": "4212100033"
}
],
"has_fulltext": false,
"id": "https://openalex.org/W4390837124",
"ids": {
"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W4390837124",
"doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2024.105518"
},
"indexed_in": [
"crossref"
],
"institutions_distinct_count": 6,
"is_paratext": false,
"is_retracted": false,
"keywords": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/solver",
"display_name": "Solver",
"score": 0.7216691
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/curl",
"display_name": "Curl (programming language)",
"score": 0.5850511
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysical-inversion",
"display_name": "Geophysical Inversion",
"score": 0.483328
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics-processing-unit",
"display_name": "Graphics processing unit",
"score": 0.42750221
}
],
"language": "en",
"locations": [
{
"is_oa": false,
"landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2024.105518",
"pdf_url": null,
"source": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/S61699894",
"display_name": "Computers & Geosciences",
"issn_l": "0098-3004",
"issn": [
"0098-3004",
"1873-7803"
],
"is_oa": false,
"is_in_doaj": false,
"is_core": true,
"host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310320990",
"host_organization_name": "Elsevier BV",
"host_organization_lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/P4310320990"
],
"host_organization_lineage_names": [
"Elsevier BV"
],
"type": "journal"
},
"license": null,
"license_id": null,
"version": null,
"is_accepted": false,
"is_published": false
}
],
"locations_count": 1,
"mesh": [],
"ngrams_url": "https://api.openalex.org/works/W4390837124/ngrams",
"open_access": {
"is_oa": false,
"oa_status": "closed",
"oa_url": null,
"any_repository_has_fulltext": false
},
"primary_location": {
"is_oa": false,
"landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2024.105518",
"pdf_url": null,
"source": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/S61699894",
"display_name": "Computers & Geosciences",
"issn_l": "0098-3004",
"issn": [
"0098-3004",
"1873-7803"
],
"is_oa": false,
"is_in_doaj": false,
"is_core": true,
"host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310320990",
"host_organization_name": "Elsevier BV",
"host_organization_lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/P4310320990"
],
"host_organization_lineage_names": [
"Elsevier BV"
],
"type": "journal"
},
"license": null,
"license_id": null,
"version": null,
"is_accepted": false,
"is_published": false
},
"primary_topic": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/T10572",
"display_name": "Geophysical Exploration and Monitoring Techniques",
"score": 0.9999,
"subfield": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1908",
"display_name": "Geophysics"
},
"field": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/19",
"display_name": "Earth and Planetary Sciences"
},
"domain": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3",
"display_name": "Physical Sciences"
}
},
"publication_date": "2024-02-01",
"publication_year": 2024,
"referenced_works": [
"https://openalex.org/W117083835",
"https://openalex.org/W1626832004",
"https://openalex.org/W1798854010",
"https://openalex.org/W1864199185",
"https://openalex.org/W1963572177",
"https://openalex.org/W1977316054",
"https://openalex.org/W1979566015",
"https://openalex.org/W1991173951",
"https://openalex.org/W1999310631",
"https://openalex.org/W1999430763",
"https://openalex.org/W2040298674",
"https://openalex.org/W2048040918",
"https://openalex.org/W2091059698",
"https://openalex.org/W2108157916",
"https://openalex.org/W2113979318",
"https://openalex.org/W2119969303",
"https://openalex.org/W2145002036",
"https://openalex.org/W2153625108",
"https://openalex.org/W2155216327",
"https://openalex.org/W2168357012",
"https://openalex.org/W2173459474",
"https://openalex.org/W2275255544",
"https://openalex.org/W2496116842",
"https://openalex.org/W2745794750",
"https://openalex.org/W2752879223",
"https://openalex.org/W2899129589",
"https://openalex.org/W2997147979",
"https://openalex.org/W3036757924",
"https://openalex.org/W3040515717",
"https://openalex.org/W3118963690",
"https://openalex.org/W3176827258",
"https://openalex.org/W3216608520",
"https://openalex.org/W4236960299",
"https://openalex.org/W4249511997",
"https://openalex.org/W4281831124",
"https://openalex.org/W4283270874",
"https://openalex.org/W4284667965",
"https://openalex.org/W4291288469",
"https://openalex.org/W4292924654",
"https://openalex.org/W4299532431",
"https://openalex.org/W4299918809",
"https://openalex.org/W4365800003",
"https://openalex.org/W589909211",
"https://openalex.org/W647089605"
],
"referenced_works_count": 44,
"related_works": [
"https://openalex.org/W764538942",
"https://openalex.org/W4386530547",
"https://openalex.org/W4318602434",
"https://openalex.org/W4317790246",
"https://openalex.org/W2992303576",
"https://openalex.org/W2598944200",
"https://openalex.org/W2559348759",
"https://openalex.org/W2470372437",
"https://openalex.org/W2124331456",
"https://openalex.org/W1936382095"
],
"sustainable_development_goals": [],
"title": "Hybrid CPU-GPU solution to regularized divergence-free curl-curl equations for electromagnetic inversion problems",
"topics": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/T10572",
"display_name": "Geophysical Exploration and Monitoring Techniques",
"score": 0.9999,
"subfield": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1908",
"display_name": "Geophysics"
},
"field": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/19",
"display_name": "Earth and Planetary Sciences"
},
"domain": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3",
"display_name": "Physical Sciences"
}
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/T11609",
"display_name": "Applications of Ground-Penetrating Radar in Geoscience and Engineering",
"score": 0.9996,
"subfield": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2212",
"display_name": "Ocean Engineering"
},
"field": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22",
"display_name": "Engineering"
},
"domain": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3",
"display_name": "Physical Sciences"
}
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/T11312",
"display_name": "Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture",
"score": 0.9983,
"subfield": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2305",
"display_name": "Environmental Engineering"
},
"field": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/23",
"display_name": "Environmental Science"
},
"domain": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3",
"display_name": "Physical Sciences"
}
}
],
"type": "article",
"type_crossref": "journal-article",
"updated_date": "2024-08-14T19:23:23.253796",
"versions": []
}
}