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"abstract": "K\u012blauea Volcano\u2019s 2018 lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) eruption produced exceptionally high lava effusion rates and record-setting SO2\u00a0emissions. The eruption involved a diverse range of magmas, including primitive basalts sourced from K\u012blauea\u2019s summit reservoirs. We analyzed LERZ matrix glasses, melt inclusions, and host minerals to identify melt volatile contents and magma storage depths. The LERZ glasses and melt inclusions span nearly the entire compositional range previously recognized at K\u012blauea. Melt inclusions in Fo86-89\u00a0olivine from the main eruptive vent (fissure 8) underwent 70\u2013170\u00a0\u00b0C cooling during transport in LERZ carrier melts, causing extensive post-entrapment crystallization and sulfide precipitation. Many of these melt inclusions have low sulfur (400\u2013900\u00a0ppm) even after correction for sulfide formation. CO2\u00a0and H2O vapor saturation pressures indicate shallow melt inclusion trapping depths (1\u20135\u00a0km), consistent with formation within K\u012blauea\u2019s Halema\u02bbuma\u02bbu and South Caldera reservoirs. Many of these inclusions also have degassed \u03b434S values (\u2212\u20091.5 to\u2009\u2212\u20090.5\u2030). Collectively, these results indicate that some primitive melts experienced near-surface degassing before being trapped into melt inclusions. We propose that decades-to-centuries of repeated lava lake activity and lava drain-back during eruptions (e.g., 1959 K\u012blauea Iki) recycled substantial volumes of degassed magma into K\u012blauea\u2019s shallow reservoir system. Degassing and magma recycling from the 2008\u20132018 Halema\u02bbuma\u02bbu lava lake likely reduced the volatile contents of LERZ fissure 8 magmas, resulting in lower fountain heights compared to many prior K\u012blauea eruptions. The eruption\u2019s extreme SO2\u00a0emissions were due to high lava effusion rates rather than particularly volatile-rich melts.",
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