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"abstract": "Although numerous studies of hyporheic exchange and denitrification have been conducted in pristine, high-gradient streams, few studies of this type have been conducted in nutrient-rich, low-gradient streams. This is a particularly important subject given the interest in nitrogen (N) inputs to the Gulf of Mexico and other eutrophic aquatic systems. A combination of hydrologic, mineralogical, chemical, dissolved gas, and isotopic data were used to determine the processes controlling transport and fate of NO3\u00a0\u2212\u00a0in streambeds at five sites across the USA. Water samples were collected from streambeds at depths ranging from 0.3 to 3 m at three to five points across the stream and in two to five separate transects. Residence times of water ranging from 0.28 to 34.7 d m\u22121\u00a0in the streambeds of N-rich watersheds played an important role in allowing denitrification to decrease NO3\u00a0\u2212\u00a0concentrations. Where potential electron donors were limited and residence times were short, denitrification was limited. Consequently, in spite of reducing conditions at some sites, NO3\u00a0\u2212\u00a0was transported into the stream. At two of the five study sites, NO3\u00a0\u2212\u00a0in surface water infiltrated the streambeds and concentrations decreased, supporting current models that NO3\u00a0\u2212\u00a0would be retained in N-rich streams. At the other three study sites, hydrogeologic controls limited or prevented infiltration of surface water into the streambed, and ground-water discharge contributed to NO3\u00a0\u2212\u00a0loads. Our results also show that in these low hydrologic-gradient systems, storm and other high-flow events can be important factors for increasing surface-water movement into streambeds.",
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