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"abstract": "Thermal maturation patterns of Pennsylvanian strata in the Appalachian basin were determined by\ncompiling and contouring published and unpublished vitrinite reflectance (VR) measurements. VR isograd\nvalues range from 0.6% in eastern Ohio and eastern Kentucky (western side of the East Kentucky coal field) to\ngreater than 5.5% in eastern Pennsylvania (Southern Anthracite field, Schuylkill County), corresponding to\nASTM coal rank classes of high volatile C bituminous to meta-anthracite. VR isograds show that thermal\nmaturity of Pennsylvanian coals generally increases from west to east across the basin. The isograds patterns,\nwhich are indicative of maximum temperatures during burial, can be explained by variations in paleodepth\nof burial, paleogeothermal gradient, or a combination of both. However, there are at least four areas of\nunusually high-rank coal in the Appalachian basin that depart from the regional trends and are difficult to\nexplain by depth of burial alone: 1) a west-northwestward salient centered in southwestern Pennsylvania;\n2) an elliptically-shaped, northeast-trending area centered in southern West Virginia and western Virginia;\n3) the eastern part of Black Warrior coal field, Alabama; and 4) the Pennsylvania Anthracite region, in\neastern Pennsylvania. High-rank excursions in southwest Pennsylvania, the Black Warrior coal field, and the\nPennsylvania Anthracite region are interpreted here to represent areas of higher paleo-heat flow related to\nsyntectonic movement of hot fluids towards the foreland, associated with Alleghanian deformation. In\naddition to higher heat flow from fluids, the Pennsylvania Anthracite region also experienced greater depth\nof burial. The high-rank excursion in southwest Virginia was probably primarily controlled by overburden\nthickness, but may also have been influenced by higher geothermal gradients.",
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