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"abstract": "The measurement of\u00a0contaminant\u00a0tissue concentrations or exposure-related effects\u00a0in\u00a0biota has been used extensively to monitor pollution and\u00a0environmental\u00a0health.\u00a0Terrestrial\u00a0vertebrates have historically been an important group of\u00a0species\u00a0in\u00a0such evaluations, not only because many are excellent sentinels of\u00a0environmental\u00a0contamination, but also because they are valued natural resources\u00a0in\u00a0their own right that may be adversely affected by toxicant exposure. Selection of appropriate vertebrates for\u00a0biomonitoring\u00a0studies frequently relies on expert opinion, although a few rigorous schemes are\u00a0in\u00a0use for predicting\u00a0vulnerability\u00a0of birds to the adverse effects of petroleum crude oil. A\u00a0Utility\u00a0Index that ranks\u00a0terrestrial\u00a0vertebrate\u00a0species\u00a0as potential sentinels of\u00a0contaminants\u00a0in\u00a0a region, and a\u00a0Vulnerability\u00a0Index that assesses the threat of specific groups of\u00a0contaminants\u00a0to these\u00a0species, have been developed to assist decision makers\u00a0in\u00a0risk assessments of persistent organic pollutants, cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides, petroleum crude oil, mercury, and lead shot. Twenty-five\u00a0terrestrial\u00a0vertebrate\u00a0species\u00a0commonly found\u00a0in\u00a0Atlantic Coast estuarine habitat (Rattner et al. 2001a) were ranked for their\u00a0utility\u00a0as biomonitors of contamination and their\u00a0vulnerability\u00a0to pollutants\u00a0in\u00a0this region. No single\u00a0species, taxa, or class of vertebrates was found to be an ideal sentinel for all groups of\u00a0contaminants. Although birds have overwhelmingly been used to monitor\u00a0contaminants\u00a0compared to other\u00a0terrestrial\u00a0vertebrate\u00a0classes, the nonmigratory nature and dietary habits of the snapping turtle and mink consistently resulted\u00a0in\u00a0ranking\u00a0these\u00a0species\u00a0as excellent sentinels as well.\u00a0Vulnerability\u00a0of Atlantic Coast populations of these\u00a0species\u00a0varied considerably among groups of\u00a0contaminants. Usually a particular\u00a0species\u00a0was found to be at high risk to only one or two groups of\u00a0contaminants, although a noteworthy exception is the bald eagle, which is highly vulnerable to all five of the\u00a0contaminant\u00a0groups examined. This index could be further enhanced by generation of additional comparative toxicity data to facilitate interspecific extrapolations. The\u00a0Utility\u00a0and\u00a0Vulnerability\u00a0Indices have application to many types of habitats\u00a0in\u00a0addition to estuaries and are of value to natural resource and risk managers that routinely conduct local, regional, or national\u00a0environmental\u00a0quality assessments.",
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