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   "name": "Experimental evaluation of four ground-motion scaling methods for dynamic response-history analysis of nonlinear structures",
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   "abstract": "This paper experimentally evaluates four methods to scale earthquake ground-motions within an ensemble of records to minimize the statistical dispersion and maximize the accuracy in the dynamic peak roof drift demand and peak inter-story drift demand estimates from response-history analyses of nonlinear building structures. The scaling methods that are investigated are based on: (1) ASCE/SEI 7\u201310 guidelines; (2) spectral acceleration at the fundamental (first mode) period of the structure,\u00a0Sa(T1); (3) maximum incremental velocity,\u00a0MIV; and (4) modal pushover analysis. A total of 720 shake-table tests of four small-scale nonlinear building frame specimens with different static and dynamic characteristics are conducted. The peak displacement demands from full suites of 36 near-fault ground-motion records as well as from smaller \u201cunbiased\u201d and \u201cbiased\u201d design subsets (bins) of ground-motions are included. Out of the four scaling methods, ground-motions scaled to the median\u00a0MIV\u00a0of the ensemble resulted in the smallest dispersion in the peak roof and inter-story drift demands. Scaling based on\u00a0MIValso provided the most accurate median demands as compared with the \u201cbenchmark\u201d demands for structures with greater nonlinearity; however, this accuracy was reduced for structures exhibiting reduced nonlinearity. The modal pushover-based scaling (MPS) procedure was the only method to conservatively overestimate the median drift demands.",
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}

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