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"abstract": "Ammodramus\u00a0savannarum ammolegus\u2014commonly referred to as the Arizona Grasshopper Sparrow\u2014occurs in the desert and plains grasslands of southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and northern Sonora, Mexico. Although a subspecies of conservation concern, this is the first intensive study of its life history and breeding ecology, providing baseline data and facilitating comparisons with other North American Grasshopper Sparrow subspecies. Specifically, I found\u00a0A. s. ammolegus\u00a0males generally weighed less than other subspecies (16.0 \u00b1 0.8 g) but with intermediate exposed culmen length (11.6 \u00b1 0.5 mm) and wing chord length similar to the other two migratory subspecies (62.7 \u00b1 1.5 mm). Territory size for\u00a0A. s. ammolegus\u00a0was 0.72 \u00b1 0.37 ha, with some variation between sites and among years, possibly indicating variation in habitat quality across spatial and temporal scales. The return rate for\u00a0A. s. ammolegus\u00a0males was 39.2%. Nest initiation for\u00a0A. s. ammolegus\u00a0was early to mid-July after the monsoons had begun. Domed nests were constructed on the ground, primarily under native bunch grasses, and frequently with a tunnel extending beyond the nest rim, with nest openings oriented north. Clutch size was 3.97 \u00b1 0.68, with no evidence of Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) nest parasitism. Extreme climate factors in the arid Southwest may have affected the life history and morphology of\u00a0A. s. ammolegus\u00a0as compared to other subspecies, influencing body size and mass, culmen length, breeding phenology, and nest orientation. Other geographic variation occurred in return rates, clutch size, and nest parasitism rates. The baseline data for\u00a0A. s. ammolegus\u00a0obtained in this study will inform future taxonomic and ecological studies as well as conservation planning. Comparisons of\u00a0A. s. ammolegus\u00a0morphometrics with those of other subspecies will assist field biologists in distinguishing among subspecies where they overlap, especially on wintering grounds.",
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