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"name": "Identification of groundwater nitrate contamination from explosives used in road construction: Isotopic, chemical, and hydrologic evidence",
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"abstract": "Explosives used in construction have been implicated as sources of NO3\u2013\u00a0contamination in groundwater, but direct forensic evidence is limited. Identification of blasting-related NO3\u2013\u00a0can be complicated by other NO3\u2013\u00a0sources, including agriculture and wastewater disposal, and by hydrogeologic factors affecting NO3\u2013\u00a0transport and stability. Here we describe a study that used hydrogeology, chemistry, stable isotopes, and mass balance calculations to evaluate groundwater NO3\u2013\u00a0sources and transport in areas surrounding a highway construction site with documented blasting in New Hampshire. Results indicate various groundwater responses to contamination: (1) rapid breakthrough and flushing of synthetic NO3\u2013\u00a0(low \u03b415N, high \u03b418O) from dissolution of unexploded NH4NO3\u00a0blasting agents in oxic groundwater; (2) delayed and reduced breakthrough of synthetic NO3\u2013\u00a0subjected to partial denitrification (high \u03b415N, high \u03b418O); (3) relatively persistent concentrations of blasting-related biogenic NO3\u2013\u00a0derived from nitrification of NH4+\u00a0(low \u03b415N, low \u03b418O); and (4) stable but spatially variable biogenic NO3\u2013\u00a0concentrations, consistent with recharge from septic systems (high \u03b415N, low \u03b418O), variably affected by denitrification. Source characteristics of denitrified samples were reconstructed from dissolved-gas data (Ar, N2) and isotopic fractionation trends associated with denitrification (\u0394\u03b415N/\u0394\u03b418O \u2248 1.31). Methods and data from this study are expected to be applicable in studies of other aquifers affected by explosives used in construction.",
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