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forests following more than a century of fire exclusion, reducing fire hazard by removing dead and live fuels (small trees and shrubs).\u00a0 It is commonly assumed that the reduced forest density following prescribed fire also reduces competition for resources among the remaining trees, so that the remaining trees are more resistant (more likely to survive) in the face of additional stressors, such as drought.\u00a0 Yet this proposition remains largely untested, so that managers do not have the basic information to evaluate whether prescribed fire may help forests adapt to a future of more frequent and severe drought.During the third year of drought, in 2014, we surveyed 9950 trees in 38 burned and 18 unburned mixed conifer forest plots at low elevation (<2100 m a.s.l.) in Kings Canyon, Sequoia, and Yosemite national parks in California, USA.\u00a0 Fire had occurred in the burned plots from 6 yr to 28 yr before our survey.\u00a0 After accounting for differences in individual tree 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