{
"USGS Publications Warehouse": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"additionalType": "Journal Article",
"name": "Point spread functions for earthquake source imaging: An interpretation based on seismic interferometry",
"identifier": [
{
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse IndexID",
"value": "70174839",
"url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70174839"
},
{
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse Internal ID",
"value": 70174839
},
{
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.1093/gji/ggv109",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv109"
}
],
"journal": {
"@type": "Periodical",
"name": "Geophysical Journal International",
"volumeNumber": "202",
"issueNumber": "1"
},
"inLanguage": "en",
"isPartOf": [
{
"@type": "CreativeWorkSeries",
"name": "Geophysical Journal International"
}
],
"datePublished": "2015",
"dateModified": "2016-07-18",
"abstract": "Recently, various methods have been proposed and applied for earthquake source imaging, and theoretical relationships among the methods have been studied. In this study, we make a follow-up theoretical study to better understand the meanings of earthquake source imaging. For imaging problems, the point spread function (PSF) is used to describe the degree of blurring and degradation in an obtained image of a target object as a response of an imaging system. In this study, we formulate PSFs for earthquake source imaging. By calculating the PSFs, we find that waveform source inversion methods remove the effect of the PSF and are free from artifacts. However, the other source imaging methods are affected by the PSF and suffer from the effect of blurring and degradation due to the restricted distribution of receivers. Consequently, careful treatment of the effect is necessary when using the source imaging methods other than waveform inversions. Moreover, the PSF for source imaging is found to have a link with seismic interferometry with the help of the source-receiver reciprocity of Green\u2019s functions. In particular, the PSF can be related to Green\u2019s function for cases in which receivers are distributed so as to completely surround the sources. Furthermore, the PSF acts as a low-pass filter. Given these considerations, the PSF is quite useful for understanding the physical meaning of earthquake source imaging.",
"description": "8 p.",
"publisher": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Oxford University Press on behalf of The Royal Astronomical Society"
},
"author": [
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Haney, Matthew M. mhaney@usgs.gov",
"givenName": "Matthew M.",
"familyName": "Haney",
"email": "mhaney@usgs.gov",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "ORCID",
"value": "0000-0003-3317-7884",
"url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3317-7884"
},
"affiliation": [
{
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Volcano Science Center",
"url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/volcano-science-center"
},
{
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Volcano Hazards Program",
"url": "https://www.usgs.gov/programs/VHP"
}
]
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Nakahara, Hisashi",
"givenName": "Hisashi",
"familyName": "Nakahara"
}
],
"funder": [
{
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Volcano Science Center",
"url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/volcano-science-center"
}
]
},
"OpenAlex": {
"abstract_inverted_index": {
"Recently,": [
0
],
"various": [
1
],
"methods": [
2,
17,
92,
109,
144
],
"have": [
3,
18,
158
],
"been": [
4,
19
],
"proposed": [
5
],
"and": [
6,
12,
55,
99,
115,
122
],
"applied": [
7
],
"for": [
8,
78,
152,
184,
214
],
"earthquake": [
9,
36,
79,
220
],
"source": [
10,
37,
80,
90,
107,
142,
153,
221
],
"imaging,": [
11
],
"theoretical": [
13,
28
],
"relationships": [
14
],
"among": [
15
],
"the": [
16,
33,
42,
51,
84,
94,
97,
105,
113,
118,
126,
135,
141,
150,
165,
168,
176,
196,
199,
209,
216
],
"studied.": [
20
],
"In": [
21,
72,
174
],
"this": [
22,
73
],
"study,": [
23,
74
],
"we": [
24,
75,
86
],
"make": [
25
],
"a": [
26,
62,
66,
159,
203
],
"follow-up": [
27
],
"study": [
29
],
"to": [
30,
49,
125,
157,
181,
193
],
"better": [
31
],
"understand": [
32
],
"meanings": [
34
],
"of": [
35,
53,
61,
68,
96,
120,
129,
134,
167,
171,
219
],
"imaging.": [
38,
81,
222
],
"For": [
39
],
"imaging": [
40,
70,
108,
143,
154
],
"problems,": [
41
],
"point": [
43
],
"spread": [
44
],
"function": [
45,
183
],
"(PSF)": [
46
],
"is": [
47,
137,
155,
211
],
"used": [
48
],
"describe": [
50
],
"degree": [
52
],
"blurring": [
54,
121
],
"degradation": [
56,
123
],
"in": [
57,
186
],
"an": [
58,
69
],
"obtained": [
59
],
"image": [
60
],
"target": [
63
],
"object": [
64
],
"as": [
65,
192,
202
],
"response": [
67
],
"system.": [
71
],
"formulate": [
76
],
"PSFs": [
77
],
"By": [
82
],
"calculating": [
83
],
"PSFs,": [
85
],
"find": [
87
],
"that": [
88
],
"waveform": [
89,
147
],
"inversion": [
91
],
"remove": [
93
],
"effect": [
95,
119,
136
],
"PSF": [
98,
114,
151,
177,
200,
210
],
"are": [
100,
110,
189
],
"free": [
101
],
"from": [
102,
117
],
"artefacts.": [
103
],
"However,": [
104
],
"other": [
106,
145
],
"affected": [
111
],
"by": [
112
],
"suffer": [
116
],
"due": [
124
],
"restricted": [
127
],
"distribution": [
128
],
"receivers.": [
130
],
"Consequently,": [
131
],
"careful": [
132
],
"treatment": [
133
],
"necessary": [
138
],
"when": [
139
],
"using": [
140
],
"than": [
146
],
"inversions.": [
148
],
"Moreover,": [
149
],
"found": [
156
],
"link": [
160
],
"with": [
161,
164
],
"seismic": [
162
],
"interferometry": [
163
],
"help": [
166
],
"source\u2013receiver": [
169
],
"reciprocity": [
170
],
"Green's": [
172,
182
],
"functions.": [
173
],
"particular,": [
175
],
"can": [
178
],
"be": [
179
],
"related": [
180
],
"cases": [
185
],
"which": [
187
],
"receivers": [
188
],
"distributed": [
190
],
"so": [
191
],
"completely": [
194
],
"surround": [
195
],
"sources.": [
197
],
"Furthermore,": [
198
],
"acts": [
201
],
"low-pass": [
204
],
"filter.": [
205
],
"Given": [
206
],
"these": [
207
],
"considerations,": [
208
],
"quite": [
212
],
"useful": [
213
],
"understanding": [
215
],
"physical": [
217
],
"meaning": [
218
]
},
"apc_list": {
"value": 2590,
"currency": "GBP",
"value_usd": 3176,
"provenance": "doaj"
},
"apc_paid": null,
"authorships": [
{
"author_position": "first",
"author": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5014932123",
"display_name": "Hisashi Nakahara",
"orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3926-1219"
},
"institutions": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/I201537933",
"display_name": "Tohoku University",
"ror": "https://ror.org/01dq60k83",
"country_code": "JP",
"type": "education",
"lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/I201537933"
]
}
],
"countries": [
"JP"
],
"is_corresponding": false,
"raw_author_name": "Hisashi Nakahara",
"raw_affiliation_strings": [
"1Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan. E-mail: naka@zisin.gp.tohoku.ac.jp"
],
"affiliations": [
{
"raw_affiliation_string": "1Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan. E-mail: naka@zisin.gp.tohoku.ac.jp",
"institution_ids": [
"https://openalex.org/I201537933"
]
}
]
},
{
"author_position": "last",
"author": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5083222308",
"display_name": "M. M. Haney",
"orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3317-7884"
},
"institutions": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
"display_name": "United States Geological Survey",
"ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863",
"country_code": "US",
"type": "government",
"lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
"https://openalex.org/I1335927249"
]
}
],
"countries": [
"US"
],
"is_corresponding": false,
"raw_author_name": "Matthew M. Haney",
"raw_affiliation_strings": [
"2U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Volcano Observatory, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA"
],
"affiliations": [
{
"raw_affiliation_string": "2U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Volcano Observatory, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA",
"institution_ids": [
"https://openalex.org/I1286329397"
]
}
]
}
],
"best_oa_location": {
"is_oa": true,
"landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv109",
"pdf_url": "https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/202/1/54/5902025/ggv109.pdf",
"source": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/S108821158",
"display_name": "Geophysical Journal International",
"issn_l": "0956-540X",
"issn": [
"0956-540X",
"1365-246X"
],
"is_oa": false,
"is_in_doaj": false,
"is_core": true,
"host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310311648",
"host_organization_name": "Oxford University Press",
"host_organization_lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/P4310311647",
"https://openalex.org/P4310311648"
],
"host_organization_lineage_names": [
"University of Oxford",
"Oxford University Press"
],
"type": "journal"
},
"license": null,
"license_id": null,
"version": "publishedVersion",
"is_accepted": true,
"is_published": true
},
"biblio": {
"volume": "202",
"issue": "1",
"first_page": "54",
"last_page": "61"
},
"citation_normalized_percentile": {
"value": 0.825812,
"is_in_top_1_percent": false,
"is_in_top_10_percent": false
},
"cited_by_api_url": "https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2011524793",
"cited_by_count": 12,
"cited_by_percentile_year": {
"min": 87,
"max": 88
},
"concepts": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109417826",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7446966",
"display_name": "Seismic interferometry",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6178921
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992863106",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1567213",
"display_name": "Inverse theory",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.601839
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166689943",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850283",
"display_name": "Interferometry",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59868455
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79675319",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5535575",
"display_name": "Geophysical imaging",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57846725
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C69179731",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q510427",
"display_name": "Point spread function",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55956084
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069",
"display_name": "Geology",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.50296396
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198",
"display_name": "Computer science",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.47734812
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1893757",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3653001",
"display_name": "Inversion (geology)",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4404413
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779948431",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092649",
"display_name": "Inverse filter",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43762797
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165205528",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371",
"display_name": "Seismology",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43169367
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197424946",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717",
"display_name": "Waveform",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4301614
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C103783831",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2552709",
"display_name": "Point source",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4215916
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62649853",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687",
"display_name": "Remote sensing",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3491248
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120665830",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620",
"display_name": "Optics",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.25195223
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31972630",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240",
"display_name": "Computer vision",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.22961164
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413",
"display_name": "Physics",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.17812991
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207467116",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4385666",
"display_name": "Inverse",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.1584664
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395",
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.08360469
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2524010",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087",
"display_name": "Geometry",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.075638324
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76155785",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418",
"display_name": "Telecommunications",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.072888225
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84174578",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q889796",
"display_name": "Surface wave",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.06806564
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C554190296",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528",
"display_name": "Radar",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.0
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77928131",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193343",
"display_name": "Tectonics",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.0
}
],
"corresponding_author_ids": [],
"corresponding_institution_ids": [],
"countries_distinct_count": 2,
"counts_by_year": [
{
"year": 2024,
"cited_by_count": 2
},
{
"year": 2023,
"cited_by_count": 1
},
{
"year": 2022,
"cited_by_count": 2
},
{
"year": 2021,
"cited_by_count": 2
},
{
"year": 2020,
"cited_by_count": 1
},
{
"year": 2017,
"cited_by_count": 1
},
{
"year": 2016,
"cited_by_count": 2
},
{
"year": 2015,
"cited_by_count": 1
}
],
"created_date": "2016-06-24",
"datasets": [],
"display_name": "Point spread functions for earthquake source imaging: an interpretation based on seismic interferometry",
"doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv109",
"fulltext_origin": "ngrams",
"fwci": 0.839,
"grants": [],
"has_fulltext": true,
"id": "https://openalex.org/W2011524793",
"ids": {
"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W2011524793",
"doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv109",
"mag": "2011524793"
},
"indexed_in": [
"crossref"
],
"institutions_distinct_count": 2,
"is_paratext": false,
"is_retracted": false,
"keywords": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/seismic-interferometry",
"display_name": "Seismic interferometry",
"score": 0.6178921
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-theory",
"display_name": "Inverse theory",
"score": 0.601839
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysical-imaging",
"display_name": "Geophysical imaging",
"score": 0.57846725
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/point-spread-function",
"display_name": "Point spread function",
"score": 0.55956084
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/earthquake-detection",
"display_name": "Earthquake Detection",
"score": 0.533332
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/seismic-waveform-inversion",
"display_name": "Seismic Waveform Inversion",
"score": 0.519105
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/seismic-data-processing",
"display_name": "Seismic Data Processing",
"score": 0.507167
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-filter",
"display_name": "Inverse filter",
"score": 0.43762797
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/point-source",
"display_name": "Point source",
"score": 0.4215916
}
],
"language": "en",
"locations": [
{
"is_oa": true,
"landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv109",
"pdf_url": "https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/202/1/54/5902025/ggv109.pdf",
"source": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/S108821158",
"display_name": "Geophysical Journal International",
"issn_l": "0956-540X",
"issn": [
"0956-540X",
"1365-246X"
],
"is_oa": false,
"is_in_doaj": false,
"is_core": true,
"host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310311648",
"host_organization_name": "Oxford University Press",
"host_organization_lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/P4310311647",
"https://openalex.org/P4310311648"
],
"host_organization_lineage_names": [
"University of Oxford",
"Oxford University Press"
],
"type": "journal"
},
"license": null,
"license_id": null,
"version": "publishedVersion",
"is_accepted": true,
"is_published": true
}
],
"locations_count": 1,
"mesh": [],
"ngrams_url": "https://api.openalex.org/works/W2011524793/ngrams",
"open_access": {
"is_oa": true,
"oa_status": "bronze",
"oa_url": "https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/202/1/54/5902025/ggv109.pdf",
"any_repository_has_fulltext": false
},
"primary_location": {
"is_oa": true,
"landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv109",
"pdf_url": "https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/202/1/54/5902025/ggv109.pdf",
"source": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/S108821158",
"display_name": "Geophysical Journal International",
"issn_l": "0956-540X",
"issn": [
"0956-540X",
"1365-246X"
],
"is_oa": false,
"is_in_doaj": false,
"is_core": true,
"host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310311648",
"host_organization_name": "Oxford University Press",
"host_organization_lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/P4310311647",
"https://openalex.org/P4310311648"
],
"host_organization_lineage_names": [
"University of Oxford",
"Oxford University Press"
],
"type": "journal"
},
"license": null,
"license_id": null,
"version": "publishedVersion",
"is_accepted": true,
"is_published": true
},
"primary_topic": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/T11757",
"display_name": "High-Resolution Seismic Noise Tomography",
"score": 1.0,
"subfield": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1908",
"display_name": "Geophysics"
},
"field": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/19",
"display_name": "Earth and Planetary Sciences"
},
"domain": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3",
"display_name": "Physical Sciences"
}
},
"publication_date": "2015-04-21",
"publication_year": 2015,
"referenced_works": [
"https://openalex.org/W1626769573",
"https://openalex.org/W1647526265",
"https://openalex.org/W1653357460",
"https://openalex.org/W1658472922",
"https://openalex.org/W1965690360",
"https://openalex.org/W1976539619",
"https://openalex.org/W1983016358",
"https://openalex.org/W1983348509",
"https://openalex.org/W1994329571",
"https://openalex.org/W1997944195",
"https://openalex.org/W2001684632",
"https://openalex.org/W2014782452",
"https://openalex.org/W2017549801",
"https://openalex.org/W2024551209",
"https://openalex.org/W2025162351",
"https://openalex.org/W2039271066",
"https://openalex.org/W2053637529",
"https://openalex.org/W2059333653",
"https://openalex.org/W2073650052",
"https://openalex.org/W2078616580",
"https://openalex.org/W2086033407",
"https://openalex.org/W2098287859",
"https://openalex.org/W2099307303",
"https://openalex.org/W2121928309",
"https://openalex.org/W2130625203",
"https://openalex.org/W2135991388",
"https://openalex.org/W2140130644",
"https://openalex.org/W2149022715",
"https://openalex.org/W2153328878",
"https://openalex.org/W2157849921",
"https://openalex.org/W2160567428",
"https://openalex.org/W2162883709",
"https://openalex.org/W2171819940",
"https://openalex.org/W2312215333",
"https://openalex.org/W2502258445",
"https://openalex.org/W2917065120",
"https://openalex.org/W2990448301",
"https://openalex.org/W3045935768",
"https://openalex.org/W3116900762",
"https://openalex.org/W3162645014",
"https://openalex.org/W4214677270",
"https://openalex.org/W80466308"
],
"referenced_works_count": 42,
"related_works": [
"https://openalex.org/W3197419264",
"https://openalex.org/W2891176963",
"https://openalex.org/W2767172110",
"https://openalex.org/W2597270292",
"https://openalex.org/W2388402681",
"https://openalex.org/W2272913455",
"https://openalex.org/W2182879141",
"https://openalex.org/W2143270121",
"https://openalex.org/W2138013230",
"https://openalex.org/W2109358681"
],
"sustainable_development_goals": [
{
"score": 0.56,
"display_name": "Sustainable cities and communities",
"id": "https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"
}
],
"title": "Point spread functions for earthquake source imaging: an interpretation based on seismic interferometry",
"topics": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/T11757",
"display_name": "High-Resolution Seismic Noise Tomography",
"score": 1.0,
"subfield": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1908",
"display_name": "Geophysics"
},
"field": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/19",
"display_name": "Earth and Planetary Sciences"
},
"domain": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3",
"display_name": "Physical Sciences"
}
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/T10271",
"display_name": "Seismic Waveform Inversion in Geophysics",
"score": 0.9997,
"subfield": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1908",
"display_name": "Geophysics"
},
"field": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/19",
"display_name": "Earth and Planetary Sciences"
},
"domain": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3",
"display_name": "Physical Sciences"
}
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/T13018",
"display_name": "Machine Learning for Earthquake Early Warning Systems",
"score": 0.9972,
"subfield": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1702",
"display_name": "Artificial Intelligence"
},
"field": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/17",
"display_name": "Computer Science"
},
"domain": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3",
"display_name": "Physical Sciences"
}
}
],
"type": "article",
"type_crossref": "journal-article",
"updated_date": "2024-08-15T05:37:02.802641",
"versions": []
}
}