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"USGS Publications Warehouse": { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Article", "additionalType": "Journal Article", "name": "Mixing of carbonate waters", "identifier": [ { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse IndexID", "value": "70011176", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70011176" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse Internal ID", "value": 70011176 }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "DOI", "value": "10.1016/0016-7037(76)90041-7", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(76)90041-7" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ISSN", "value": "00167037" } ], "journal": { "@type": "Periodical", "name": "Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta", "volumeNumber": "40", "issueNumber": "9" }, "inLanguage": "en", "isPartOf": [ { "@type": "CreativeWorkSeries", "name": "Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta" } ], "datePublished": "1976", "dateModified": "2021-05-11", "abstract": "When mineral solutions of different compositions are mixed, the molalities and activities of individual ions in the mixture are often non-linear functions of their end-member values. This non-linearity is particularly significant in determining mineral saturation levels. Mixtures of saturated solutions may be either undersaturated or supersaturated depending on the end-member compositions and the physical conditions in which end-members and their mixtures exist. In carbonate solutions important non-linear effects occur due to redistribution of carbonate species. In extreme cases this causes mixture pH to be below both the end-member pH values. A simple but precise computer program (WATMIX) has been developed for calculating mixture composition for closed and open system mixing of arbitrary end-members. A number of mixing examples are considered which allow one to isolate three important processes leading to non-linear behaviour: the algebraic effect, the\u00a0\u03b4PCO2\u00a0effect, and the ionic strength effect.", "description": "7 p.", "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Elsevier" }, "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "Wigley, T.M.L.", "givenName": "T.M.L.", "familyName": "Wigley" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Plummer, Niel nplummer@usgs.gov", "givenName": "Niel", "familyName": "Plummer", "email": "nplummer@usgs.gov", "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-4020-1013", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013" }, "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "National Research Program - Eastern Branch", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/arizona-water-science-center" } ] } ] }, "OpenAlex": { "abstract_inverted_index": { "When": [ 0 ], "mineral": [ 1, 33 ], "solutions": [ 2, 39, 64 ], "of": [ 3, 12, 22, 37, 72, 110, 115 ], "different": [ 4 ], "compositions": [ 5, 50 ], "are": [ 6, 18, 118 ], "mixed,": [ 7 ], "the": [ 8, 16, 48, 52, 86, 132, 135, 139 ], "molalities": [ 9 ], "and": [ 10, 51, 58, 106, 138 ], "activities": [ 11 ], "individual": [ 13 ], "ions": [ 14 ], "in": [ 15, 31, 55 ], "mixture": [ 17, 80, 102 ], "often": [ 19 ], "non-linear": [ 20, 66, 130 ], "functions": [ 21 ], "their": [ 23, 59 ], "end-member": [ 24, 49, 87 ], "values.": [ 25, 89 ], "This": [ 26 ], "non-linearity": [ 27 ], "is": [ 28 ], "particularly": [ 29 ], "significant": [ 30 ], "determining": [ 32 ], "saturation": [ 34 ], "levels.": [ 35 ], "Mixtures": [ 36 ], "saturated": [ 38 ], "may": [ 40 ], "be": [ 41, 83 ], "either": [ 42 ], "undersaturated": [ 43 ], "or": [ 44 ], "supersaturated": [ 45 ], "depending": [ 46 ], "on": [ 47 ], "physical": [ 53 ], "conditions": [ 54 ], "which": [ 56, 120 ], "end-members": [ 57 ], "mixtures": [ 60 ], "exist.": [ 61 ], "In": [ 62, 75 ], "carbonate": [ 63, 73 ], "important": [ 65, 126 ], "effects": [ 67 ], "occur": [ 68 ], "due": [ 69 ], "to": [ 70, 82, 123, 129 ], "redistribution": [ 71 ], "species.": [ 74 ], "extreme": [ 76 ], "cases": [ 77 ], "this": [ 78 ], "causes": [ 79 ], "pH": [ 81, 88 ], "below": [ 84 ], "both": [ 85 ], "A": [ 90, 113 ], "simple": [ 91 ], "but": [ 92 ], "precise": [ 93 ], "computer": [ 94 ], "program": [ 95 ], "(WATMIX)": [ 96 ], "has": [ 97 ], "been": [ 98 ], "developed": [ 99 ], "for": [ 100, 104 ], "calculating": [ 101 ], "composition": [ 103 ], "closed": [ 105 ], "open": [ 107 ], "system": [ 108 ], "mixing": [ 109, 116 ], "arbitrary": [ 111 ], "end-members.": [ 112 ], "number": [ 114 ], "examples": [ 117 ], "considered": [ 119 ], "allow": [ 121 ], "one": [ 122 ], "isolate": [ 124 ], "three": [ 125 ], "processes": [ 127 ], "leading": [ 128 ], "behaviour:": [ 131 ], "algebraic": [ 133 ], "effect,": [ 134, 137 ], "\u03b4PCO2": [ 136 ], "ionic": [ 140 ], "strength": [ 141 ], "effect.": [ 142 ] }, "apc_list": { "value": 3690, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 3690, "provenance": "doaj" }, "apc_paid": null, "authorships": [ { "author_position": "first", "author": { "id": "https://openalex.org/A5024684018", "display_name": "T. 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