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(We may refer to this as \u2018hydrochronology\u2019by analogy with the dating of solid materials known as geochronology.) Information on soil water and groundwater age enables timescales for a range of subsurface processes to be determined. For example, \u2018groundwater stratigraphy\u2019is used increasingly to decipher past recharge rates and conditions in unconfined aquifers, in much the same way that sedimentary stratigraphy yields information about past depositional environments. The use of environmental tracers to determine water ages allows groundwater recharge rates and flow velocities to be determined independently, and commonly more accurately, than with traditional hydraulic methods where hydraulic properties of aquifers are poorly known or spatially variable. Studies of groundwater residence times in association with groundwater contamination studies can enable historic release rates of contaminants and contaminant transport rates to be determined. Where input rates are known, measurements of groundwater contaminant concentrations, together with groundwater dating, can sometimes be used for estimating chemical reaction rates. 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