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An investigation of springs in this drainage in summer 2001 revealed slightly elevated water temperatures and chloride (Cl-) concentrations of up to about 5?C and 20 milligrams per liter (mg/L), respectively, above background. The total discharge of anomalous Cl- in Separation Creek was 9.2 grams per second, which in combination with the temperature-Cl- relation in the springs results in a total advective heat discharge of 16 MW (megawatts). Comparison with similar findings obtained a decade earlier suggests that total Cl- and heat discharges in the groundwater drainage are unaffected by the current uplift. However, the isotopic composition of the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the spring waters (delta carbon-13 (13C) = -9.03 to -11.6?; carbon-14 (14C) <25 pmC) combined with helium-3/helium-4 (3He/4He) ratios near 8 RA and C/3He ratios <1010 in two of the springs are indicative of a magmatic source. The high 3He/4He ratios indicate that the magmatic gas is derived from a relatively recent, if not ongoing, intrusion. The concentration of magmatic carbon is low, a few millimoles per liter (mmol/L) at most, with an average value of 1.53 mmol/L for all the springs sampled in the drainage. Combining this average with the late-summer water flow in Separation Creek suggests a discharge of 21 tonnes/day of magmatic carbon dioxide (CO2). The presence of magmatic carbon in the shallow groundwater system, and the fact that DIC is uncorrelated with Cl-, suggests that some magmatic gas could escape diffusely through the soils.", "description": "16 p.", "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "U.S. Geological Survey" }, "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "Ingebritsen, Steven E. seingebr@usgs.gov", "givenName": "Steven E.", "familyName": "Ingebritsen", "email": "seingebr@usgs.gov", "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0001-6917-9369", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6917-9369" }, "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Volcano Science Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/volcano-science-center" }, { "@type": "Organization", "name": "National Research Program - Western Branch", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/arizona-water-science-center" } ] }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Evans, William C. wcevans@usgs.gov", "givenName": "William C.", "familyName": "Evans", "email": "wcevans@usgs.gov", "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0001-5942-3102", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5942-3102" }, "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Volcano Science Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/volcano-science-center" }, { "@type": "Organization", "name": "National Research Program - Western Branch", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/arizona-water-science-center" }, { "@type": "Organization", "name": "WMA - Earth System Processes Division", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources" } ] }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Mariner, Robert H. rmariner@usgs.gov", "givenName": "Robert H.", "familyName": "Mariner", "email": "rmariner@usgs.gov" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Huebner, Mark A.", "givenName": "Mark A.", "familyName": "Huebner" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Kennedy, B. 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