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"abstract": "Environmental flows describes the quantity, quality, and timing of water flows required to sustain freshwater and estuarine ecosystems and the human livelihoods and well-being that depend on these ecosystems. Environmental flows can be defined as the streamflow needed to sustain ecosystems while continuing to meet human needs. Typically, environmental flow criteria are applied to riparian corridors downstream from a dam. In addition to dams, other factors related to human activity that can contribute to freshwater ecosystem degradation are water diversions, channel revetment, timber harvest, wetland draining, groundwater extraction, invasive species, and gravel extraction. Bottomland hardwood (BLH) habitats are particularly vulnerable because they are perched above the baseline flow of stream channels, yet rely on seasonal flooding from peak flows to maintain typical BLH species composition and healthy growth and productivity of those species. It is these peak flows which are most often modified by human activity. Flow releases from an upstream dam can be managed during times of adequate reservoir storage capacity to restore and enhance downstream riparian habitats for instream aquatic flora and fauna as well as adjacent intermittent or seasonally flooded wetlands.",
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