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"abstract": "During volcanic eruptions, model predictions of plume height are limited by the accuracy of entrainment coefficients used in many plume models. Typically, two parameters are used,\u00a0\u03b1\u00a0and\u00a0\u03b2, which relate the entrained air speed to the jet speed in the axial and cross\u2010flow directions, respectively. To improve estimates of these parameters, wind tunnel experiments have been conducted for a range of cross\u2010wind velocities and turbulence conditions. Measurements are compared directly to computations from the 1\u2010D plume model, Plumeria, in the near\u2010field, bending region of the jet. Entrainment coefficients are determined through regression analysis, demonstrating optimal combinations of effective\u00a0\u03b1\u00a0and\u00a0\u03b2\u00a0values. For turbulent conditions, all wind speeds overlapped at a single combination,\u00a0\u03b1\u00a0= 0.06 and\u00a0\u03b2=0.46, each of\u00a0which are slightly reduced from standard values. Refined coefficients were used to model plume heights for 20 historical eruptions. Model accuracy improves modestly in most cases, agreeing to within 3\u00a0km with observed plume heights. For weak eruptions, uncertainty in field measurements can outweigh the effects of these refinements, illustrating the challenge of applying plume models in practice.",
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