{
"USGS Publications Warehouse": { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Article", "additionalType": "Journal Article", "name": "QCam: sUAS-based doppler radar for measuring river discharge", "identifier": [ { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse IndexID", "value": "70216793", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70216793" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse Internal ID", "value": 70216793 }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "DOI", "value": "10.3390/rs12203317", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12203317" } ], "journal": { "@type": "Periodical", "name": "Remote Sensing", "volumeNumber": "12", "issueNumber": "20" }, "inLanguage": "en", "isPartOf": [ { "@type": "CreativeWorkSeries", "name": "Remote Sensing" } ], "datePublished": "2020", "dateModified": "2020-12-15", "abstract": "The U.S. Geological Survey is actively investigating remote sensing of surface velocity and river discharge (discharge) from satellite-, high altitude-, small, unmanned aircraft systems- (sUAS or drone), and permanent (fixed) deployments. This initiative is important in ungaged basins and river reaches that lack the infrastructure to deploy conventional streamgaging equipment. By coupling alternative discharge algorithms with sensors capable of measuring surface velocity, streamgage networks can be established in regions where data collection was previously impractical or impossible. To differentiate from satellite or high-altitude platforms, near-field remote sensing is conducted from sUAS or fixed platforms. QCam is a Doppler (velocity) radar mounted and integrated on a 3DR\u00a9\u00a0Solo sUAS. It measures the along-track surface velocity by spot dwelling in a river cross section at a vertical where the maximum surface velocity is recorded. The surface velocity is translated to a mean-channel (mean) velocity using the probability concept (PC), and discharge is computed using the PC-derived mean velocity and cross-sectional area. Factors including surface-scatterer quality, flight altitude, propwash, wind drift, and sample duration may affect the radar-returns and the subsequent computation of mean velocity and river discharge. To evaluate the extensibility of the method, five science flights were conducted on four rivers of varying size and dynamics and included the Arkansas River, Colorado (CO), USA (two events); Salcha River near Salchaket, Alaska (AK), USA; South Platte River, CO, USA; and the Tanana River, AK, USA. QCam surface velocities and river discharges were compared to conventional streamgaging methods, which represented truth. QCam surface velocities for the Arkansas River, Salcha River, South Platte River, and Tanana River were 1.02 meters per second (m/s) and 1.43 m/s; 1.58 m/s; 0.90 m/s; and 2.17 m/s, respectively. QCam discharges (and percent differences) were 9.48 (0.3%) and 20.3 cubic meters per second (m3/s) (2.5%); 62.1 m3/s (\u221210.4%); 3.42 m3/s (7.3%), and 1579 m3/s (\u221218.8%). QCam results compare favorably with conventional streamgaging and are a viable near-field remote sensing technology that can be operationalized to deliver real-time surface velocity, mean velocity, and river discharge, if cross-sectional area is available.", "description": "3317, 23 p.", "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "MDPI" }, "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "Fulton, John W. jwfulton@usgs.gov", "givenName": "John W.", "familyName": "Fulton", "email": "jwfulton@usgs.gov", "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-5335-0720", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5335-0720" }, "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Pennsylvania Water Science Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/pennsylvania-water-science-center" } ] }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Anderson, Isaac E.", "givenName": "Isaac E.", "familyName": "Anderson" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Chiu, C.-L.", "givenName": "C.-L.", "familyName": "Chiu", "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "University of Pittsburgh" } ] }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Sommer, Wolfram", "givenName": "Wolfram", "familyName": "Sommer" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Adams, Josip", "givenName": "Josip", "familyName": "Adams", "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0001-8470-4141", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8470-4141" }, "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Southwest Regional Director's Office", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/regions/southwest" }, { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/geosciences-and-environmental-change-science-center" } ] }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Moramarco, Tommaso", "givenName": "Tommaso", "familyName": "Moramarco", "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-9870-1694", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9870-1694" }, "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "IRPI-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche" } ] }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Bjerklie, David M. dmbjerkl@usgs.gov", "givenName": "David M.", "familyName": "Bjerklie", "email": "dmbjerkl@usgs.gov", "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-9890-4125", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9890-4125" }, "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Connecticut Water Science Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/new-england-water-science-center" }, { "@type": "Organization", "name": "New England Water Science Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/new-england-water-science-center" } ] }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Fulford, Janice M. jfulford@usgs.gov", "givenName": "Janice M.", "familyName": "Fulford", "email": "jfulford@usgs.gov", "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Office of Surface Water", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources" } ] }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Sloan, Jeff L. jlsloan@usgs.gov", "givenName": "Jeff L.", "familyName": "Sloan", "email": "jlsloan@usgs.gov", "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/geosciences-and-environmental-change-science-center" } ] }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Best, Heather", "givenName": "Heather", "familyName": "Best", "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0003-0764-3060", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0764-3060" }, "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Alaska Science Center Water", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/alaska-science-center" } ] }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Conaway, Jeffrey S. jconaway@usgs.gov", "givenName": "Jeffrey S.", "familyName": "Conaway", "email": "jconaway@usgs.gov", "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-3036-592X", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3036-592X" }, "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Alaska Science Center Water", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/alaska-science-center" }, { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Alaska Science Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/alaska-science-center" } ] }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Kang, Michelle J.", "givenName": "Michelle J.", "familyName": "Kang", "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0003-0246-6851", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0246-6851" }, "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Alaska Science Center Water" } ] }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Kohn, Michael S. mkohn@usgs.gov", "givenName": "Michael S.", "familyName": "Kohn", "email": "mkohn@usgs.gov", "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-5989-7700", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5989-7700" }, "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Colorado Water Science Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/colorado-water-science-center" } ] }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Nicotra, Matthew J.", "givenName": "Matthew J.", "familyName": "Nicotra", "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-0152-6261", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0152-6261" }, "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Colorado Water Science Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/colorado-water-science-center" } ] }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Pulli, Jeremy J.", "givenName": "Jeremy J.", "familyName": "Pulli" } ], "funder": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Alaska Science Center Water", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/alaska-science-center" }, { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Colorado Water Science Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/colorado-water-science-center" }, { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Pennsylvania Water Science Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/pennsylvania-water-science-center" } ] }, "OpenAlex": { "_id": "https://openalex.org/w3108028962", "abstract_inverted_index": { "The": [ 0, 132 ], "U.S.": [ 1 ], "Geological": [ 2 ], "Survey": [ 3 ], "is": [ 4, 33, 87, 95, 130, 135, 149, 338 ], "actively": [ 5 ], "investigating": [ 6 ], "remote": [ 7, 85, 318 ], "sensing": [ 8, 86, 319 ], "of": [ 9, 58, 179, 189, 200 ], "surface": [ 10, 60, 112, 128, 133, 234, 249, 328 ], "velocity": [ 11, 113, 129, 134, 141, 155, 181 ], "and": [ 12, 27, 38, 101, 147, 156, 168, 175, 182, 203, 205, 227, 236, 260, 269, 276, 288, 302, 313, 332 ], "river": [ 13, 39, 119, 183, 237, 333 ], "discharge": [ 14, 53, 148 ], "(discharge)": [ 15 ], "from": [ 16, 79, 89 ], "satellite-,": [ 17 ], "high": [ 18 ], "altitude-,": [ 19 ], "small,": [ 20 ], "unmanned": [ 21 ], "aircraft": [ 22 ], "systems-": [ 23 ], "(sUAS": [ 24 ], "or": [ 25, 75, 81, 91 ], "drone),": [ 26 ], "permanent": [ 28 ], "(fixed)": [ 29 ], "deployments.": [ 30 ], "This": [ 31 ], "initiative": [ 32 ], "important": [ 34 ], "in": [ 35, 67, 117 ], "ungaged": [ 36 ], "basins": [ 37 ], "reaches": [ 40 ], "that": [ 41, 321 ], "lack": [ 42 ], "the": [ 43, 110, 126, 143, 152, 173, 176, 187, 190, 207, 228, 252 ], "infrastructure": [ 44 ], "to": [ 45, 137, 241, 325 ], "deploy": [ 46 ], "conventional": [ 47, 242, 311 ], "streamgaging": [ 48, 243, 312 ], "equipment.": [ 49 ], "By": [ 50 ], "coupling": [ 51 ], "alternative": [ 52 ], "algorithms": [ 54 ], "with": [ 55, 310 ], "sensors": [ 56 ], "capable": [ 57 ], "measuring": [ 59 ], "velocity,": [ 61, 329, 331 ], "streamgage": [ 62 ], "networks": [ 63 ], "can": [ 64, 322 ], "be": [ 65, 323 ], "established": [ 66 ], "regions": [ 68 ], "where": [ 69, 125 ], "data": [ 70 ], "collection": [ 71 ], "was": [ 72 ], "previously": [ 73 ], "impractical": [ 74 ], "impossible.": [ 76 ], "To": [ 77, 185 ], "differentiate": [ 78 ], "satellite": [ 80 ], "high-altitude": [ 82 ], "platforms,": [ 83 ], "near-field": [ 84, 317 ], "conducted": [ 88, 196 ], "sUAS": [ 90 ], "fixed": [ 92 ], "platforms.": [ 93 ], "QCam": [ 94, 233, 248, 280, 306 ], "a": [ 96, 104, 118, 123, 138, 315 ], "Doppler": [ 97 ], "(velocity)": [ 98 ], "radar": [ 99 ], "mounted": [ 100 ], "integrated": [ 102 ], "on": [ 103, 197 ], "3DR\u00a9": [ 105 ], "Solo": [ 106 ], "sUAS.": [ 107 ], "It": [ 108 ], "measures": [ 109 ], "along-track": [ 111 ], "by": [ 114 ], "spot": [ 115 ], "dwelling": [ 116 ], "cross": [ 120 ], "section": [ 121 ], "at": [ 122 ], "vertical": [ 124 ], "maximum": [ 127 ], "recorded.": [ 131 ], "translated": [ 136 ], "mean-channel": [ 139 ], "(mean)": [ 140 ], "using": [ 142, 151 ], "probability": [ 144 ], "concept": [ 145 ], "(PC),": [ 146 ], "computed": [ 150 ], "PC-derived": [ 153 ], "mean": [ 154, 180, 330 ], "cross-sectional": [ 157, 336 ], "area.": [ 158 ], "Factors": [ 159 ], "including": [ 160 ], "surface-scatterer": [ 161 ], "quality,": [ 162 ], "flight": [ 163 ], "altitude,": [ 164 ], "propwash,": [ 165 ], "wind": [ 166 ], "drift,": [ 167 ], "sample": [ 169 ], "duration": [ 170 ], "may": [ 171 ], "affect": [ 172 ], "radar-returns": [ 174 ], "subsequent": [ 177 ], "computation": [ 178 ], "discharge.": [ 184 ], "evaluate": [ 186 ], "extensibility": [ 188 ], "method,": [ 191 ], "five": [ 192 ], "science": [ 193 ], "flights": [ 194 ], "were": [ 195, 239, 263, 285 ], "four": [ 198 ], "rivers": [ 199 ], "varying": [ 201 ], "size": [ 202 ], "dynamics": [ 204 ], "included": [ 206 ], "Arkansas": [ 208, 253 ], "River,": [ 209, 224, 230, 254, 256, 259 ], "Colorado": [ 210 ], "(CO),": [ 211 ], "USA": [ 212 ], "(two": [ 213 ], "events);": [ 214 ], "Salcha": [ 215, 255 ], "River": [ 216, 262 ], "near": [ 217 ], "Salchaket,": [ 218 ], "Alaska": [ 219 ], "(AK),": [ 220 ], "USA;": [ 221, 226 ], "South": [ 222, 257 ], "Platte": [ 223, 258 ], "CO,": [ 225 ], "Tanana": [ 229, 261 ], "AK,": [ 231 ], "USA.": [ 232 ], "velocities": [ 235, 250 ], "discharges": [ 238, 281 ], "compared": [ 240 ], "methods,": [ 244 ], "which": [ 245 ], "represented": [ 246 ], "truth.": [ 247 ], "for": [ 251 ], "1.02": [ 264 ], "meters": [ 265, 291 ], "per": [ 266, 292 ], "second": [ 267, 293 ], "(m/s)": [ 268 ], "1.43": [ 270 ], "m/s;": [ 271, 273, 275 ], "1.58": [ 272 ], "0.90": [ 274 ], "2.17": [ 277 ], "m/s,": [ 278 ], "respectively.": [ 279 ], "(and": [ 282 ], "percent": [ 283 ], "differences)": [ 284 ], "9.48": [ 286 ], "(0.3%)": [ 287 ], "20.3": [ 289 ], "cubic": [ 290 ], "(m3/s)": [ 294 ], "(2.5%);": [ 295 ], "62.1": [ 296 ], "m3/s": [ 297, 300, 304 ], "(\u221210.4%);": [ 298 ], "3.42": [ 299 ], "(7.3%),": [ 301 ], "1579": [ 303 ], "(\u221218.8%).": [ 305 ], "results": [ 307 ], "compare": [ 308 ], "favorably": [ 309 ], "are": [ 314 ], "viable": [ 316 ], "technology": [ 320 ], "operationalized": [ 324 ], "deliver": [ 326 ], "real-time": [ 327 ], "discharge,": [ 334 ], "if": [ 335 ], "area": [ 337 ], "available.": [ 339 ] }, "apc_list": { "value": 2500, "currency": "CHF", "value_usd": 2707, "provenance": "doaj" }, "apc_paid": { "value": 2500, "currency": "CHF", "value_usd": 2707, "provenance": "doaj" }, "authorships": [ { "author_position": "first", "author": { "id": "https://openalex.org/A5007651534", "display_name": "John W. Fulton", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5335-0720" }, "institutions": [ { "id": "https://openalex.org/I2800772125", "display_name": "Denver Federal Center", "ror": "https://ror.org/05pxjag90", "country_code": "US", "type": "government", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I1280600231", "https://openalex.org/I2800772125" ] }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "display_name": "United States Geological Survey", "ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863", "country_code": "US", "type": "government", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "https://openalex.org/I1335927249" ] } ], "countries": [ "US" ], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "John W. Fulton", "raw_affiliation_strings": [ "U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, P.O. Box 25046, MS 415, Denver, CO 80225, USA" ], "affiliations": [ { "raw_affiliation_string": "U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, P.O. Box 25046, MS 415, Denver, CO 80225, USA", "institution_ids": [ "https://openalex.org/I2800772125", "https://openalex.org/I1286329397" ] } ] }, { "author_position": "middle", "author": { "id": "https://openalex.org/A5037299743", "display_name": "Isaac E. Anderson", "orcid": null }, "institutions": [ { "id": "https://openalex.org/I2800772125", "display_name": "Denver Federal Center", "ror": "https://ror.org/05pxjag90", "country_code": "US", "type": "government", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I1280600231", "https://openalex.org/I2800772125" ] }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "display_name": "United States Geological Survey", "ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863", "country_code": "US", "type": "government", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "https://openalex.org/I1335927249" ] } ], "countries": [ "US" ], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Isaac E. Anderson", "raw_affiliation_strings": [ "U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, P.O. Box 25046, MS 415, Denver, CO 80225, USA" ], "affiliations": [ { "raw_affiliation_string": "U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, P.O. Box 25046, MS 415, Denver, CO 80225, USA", "institution_ids": [ "https://openalex.org/I2800772125", "https://openalex.org/I1286329397" ] } ] }, { "author_position": "middle", "author": { "id": "https://openalex.org/A5079082516", "display_name": "Chao\u2010Lin Chiu", "orcid": null }, "institutions": [ { "id": "https://openalex.org/I170201317", "display_name": "University of Pittsburgh", "ror": "https://ror.org/01an3r305", "country_code": "US", "type": "education", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I170201317" ] } ], "countries": [ "US" ], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "C.-L. Chiu", "raw_affiliation_strings": [ "Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 724 Field Club Rd, Pittsburgh, PA 15238, USA" ], "affiliations": [ { "raw_affiliation_string": "Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 724 Field Club Rd, Pittsburgh, PA 15238, USA", "institution_ids": [ "https://openalex.org/I170201317" ] } ] }, { "author_position": "middle", "author": { "id": "https://openalex.org/A5065053949", "display_name": "Wolfram Sommer", "orcid": null }, "institutions": [ { "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210164595", "display_name": "Scan Messtechnik (Austria)", "ror": "https://ror.org/05sr81t86", "country_code": "AT", "type": "company", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I4210164595" ] } ], "countries": [ "AT" ], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Wolfram Sommer", "raw_affiliation_strings": [ "Sommer Messtechnik, Stra\u00dfenh\u00e4user 27, 6842 Koblach, Austria" ], "affiliations": [ { "raw_affiliation_string": "Sommer Messtechnik, Stra\u00dfenh\u00e4user 27, 6842 Koblach, Austria", "institution_ids": [ "https://openalex.org/I4210164595" ] } ] }, { "author_position": "middle", "author": { "id": "https://openalex.org/A5083729881", "display_name": "Josip Adams", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8470-4141" }, "institutions": [ { "id": "https://openalex.org/I2800772125", "display_name": "Denver Federal Center", "ror": "https://ror.org/05pxjag90", "country_code": "US", "type": "government", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I1280600231", "https://openalex.org/I2800772125" ] }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "display_name": "United States Geological Survey", "ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863", "country_code": "US", "type": "government", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "https://openalex.org/I1335927249" ] } ], "countries": [ "US" ], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Josip D. Adams", "raw_affiliation_strings": [ "U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, P.O. Box 25046, MS 415, Denver, CO 80225, USA" ], "affiliations": [ { "raw_affiliation_string": "U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, P.O. Box 25046, MS 415, Denver, CO 80225, USA", "institution_ids": [ "https://openalex.org/I2800772125", "https://openalex.org/I1286329397" ] } ] }, { "author_position": "middle", "author": { "id": "https://openalex.org/A5086103869", "display_name": "Tommaso Moramarco", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9870-1694" }, "institutions": [ { "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210091655", "display_name": "Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection", "ror": "https://ror.org/0040zx077", "country_code": "IT", "type": "facility", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I4210091655", "https://openalex.org/I4210155236" ] }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210155236", "display_name": "National Research Council", "ror": "https://ror.org/04zaypm56", "country_code": "IT", "type": "nonprofit", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I4210155236" ] } ], "countries": [ "IT" ], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Tommaso Moramarco", "raw_affiliation_strings": [ "IRPI-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Research Institute for Hydrogeological Protection, National Research Council, via della Madonna Alta 126, 06128 Perugia, Italy" ], "affiliations": [ { "raw_affiliation_string": "IRPI-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Research Institute for Hydrogeological Protection, National Research Council, via della Madonna Alta 126, 06128 Perugia, Italy", "institution_ids": [ "https://openalex.org/I4210091655", "https://openalex.org/I4210155236" ] } ] }, { "author_position": "middle", "author": { "id": "https://openalex.org/A5054119553", "display_name": "David M. Bjerklie", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9890-4125" }, "institutions": [ { "id": "https://openalex.org/I2800772125", "display_name": "Denver Federal Center", "ror": "https://ror.org/05pxjag90", "country_code": "US", "type": "government", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I1280600231", "https://openalex.org/I2800772125" ] }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "display_name": "United States Geological Survey", "ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863", "country_code": "US", "type": "government", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "https://openalex.org/I1335927249" ] } ], "countries": [ "US" ], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "David M. Bjerklie", "raw_affiliation_strings": [ "U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, P.O. Box 25046, MS 415, Denver, CO 80225, USA" ], "affiliations": [ { "raw_affiliation_string": "U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, P.O. Box 25046, MS 415, Denver, CO 80225, USA", "institution_ids": [ "https://openalex.org/I2800772125", "https://openalex.org/I1286329397" ] } ] }, { "author_position": "middle", "author": { "id": "https://openalex.org/A5003145758", "display_name": "Janice M. Fulford", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1075-5178" }, "institutions": [ { "id": "https://openalex.org/I2800772125", "display_name": "Denver Federal Center", "ror": "https://ror.org/05pxjag90", "country_code": "US", "type": "government", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I1280600231", "https://openalex.org/I2800772125" ] }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "display_name": "United States Geological Survey", "ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863", "country_code": "US", "type": "government", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "https://openalex.org/I1335927249" ] } ], "countries": [ "US" ], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Janice M. Fulford", "raw_affiliation_strings": [ "U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, P.O. Box 25046, MS 415, Denver, CO 80225, USA" ], "affiliations": [ { "raw_affiliation_string": "U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, P.O. Box 25046, MS 415, Denver, CO 80225, USA", "institution_ids": [ "https://openalex.org/I2800772125", "https://openalex.org/I1286329397" ] } ] }, { "author_position": "middle", "author": { "id": "https://openalex.org/A5008179792", "display_name": "Jeff L. Sloan", "orcid": null }, "institutions": [ { "id": "https://openalex.org/I2800772125", "display_name": "Denver Federal Center", "ror": "https://ror.org/05pxjag90", "country_code": "US", "type": "government", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I1280600231", "https://openalex.org/I2800772125" ] }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "display_name": "United States Geological Survey", "ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863", "country_code": "US", "type": "government", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "https://openalex.org/I1335927249" ] } ], "countries": [ "US" ], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Jeff L. Sloan", "raw_affiliation_strings": [ "U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, P.O. Box 25046, MS 415, Denver, CO 80225, USA" ], "affiliations": [ { "raw_affiliation_string": "U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, P.O. Box 25046, MS 415, Denver, CO 80225, USA", "institution_ids": [ "https://openalex.org/I2800772125", "https://openalex.org/I1286329397" ] } ] }, { "author_position": "middle", "author": { "id": "https://openalex.org/A5074185045", "display_name": "Heather R. Best", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0764-3060" }, "institutions": [ { "id": "https://openalex.org/I2800772125", "display_name": "Denver Federal Center", "ror": "https://ror.org/05pxjag90", "country_code": "US", "type": "government", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I1280600231", "https://openalex.org/I2800772125" ] }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "display_name": "United States Geological Survey", "ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863", "country_code": "US", "type": "government", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "https://openalex.org/I1335927249" ] } ], "countries": [ "US" ], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Heather R. Best", "raw_affiliation_strings": [ "U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, P.O. Box 25046, MS 415, Denver, CO 80225, USA" ], "affiliations": [ { "raw_affiliation_string": "U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, P.O. Box 25046, MS 415, Denver, CO 80225, USA", "institution_ids": [ "https://openalex.org/I2800772125", "https://openalex.org/I1286329397" ] } ] }, { "author_position": "middle", "author": { "id": "https://openalex.org/A5045056895", "display_name": "Jeffrey S. Conaway", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3036-592X" }, "institutions": [ { "id": "https://openalex.org/I2800772125", "display_name": "Denver Federal Center", "ror": "https://ror.org/05pxjag90", "country_code": "US", "type": "government", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I1280600231", "https://openalex.org/I2800772125" ] }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "display_name": "United States Geological Survey", "ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863", "country_code": "US", "type": "government", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "https://openalex.org/I1335927249" ] } ], "countries": [ "US" ], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Jeff S. Conaway", "raw_affiliation_strings": [ "U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, P.O. Box 25046, MS 415, Denver, CO 80225, USA" ], "affiliations": [ { "raw_affiliation_string": "U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, P.O. Box 25046, MS 415, Denver, CO 80225, USA", "institution_ids": [ "https://openalex.org/I2800772125", "https://openalex.org/I1286329397" ] } ] }, { "author_position": "middle", "author": { "id": "https://openalex.org/A5073561989", "display_name": "Michelle J. Kang", "orcid": null }, "institutions": [ { "id": "https://openalex.org/I2800772125", "display_name": "Denver Federal Center", "ror": "https://ror.org/05pxjag90", "country_code": "US", "type": "government", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I1280600231", "https://openalex.org/I2800772125" ] }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "display_name": "United States Geological Survey", "ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863", "country_code": "US", "type": "government", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "https://openalex.org/I1335927249" ] } ], "countries": [ "US" ], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Michelle J. Kang", "raw_affiliation_strings": [ "U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, P.O. Box 25046, MS 415, Denver, CO 80225, USA" ], "affiliations": [ { "raw_affiliation_string": "U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, P.O. Box 25046, MS 415, Denver, CO 80225, USA", "institution_ids": [ "https://openalex.org/I2800772125", "https://openalex.org/I1286329397" ] } ] }, { "author_position": "middle", "author": { "id": "https://openalex.org/A5075267636", "display_name": "Michael S. Kohn", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5989-7700" }, "institutions": [ { "id": "https://openalex.org/I2800772125", "display_name": "Denver Federal Center", "ror": "https://ror.org/05pxjag90", "country_code": "US", "type": "government", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I1280600231", "https://openalex.org/I2800772125" ] }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "display_name": "United States Geological Survey", "ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863", "country_code": "US", "type": "government", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "https://openalex.org/I1335927249" ] } ], "countries": [ "US" ], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Michael S. Kohn", "raw_affiliation_strings": [ "U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, P.O. Box 25046, MS 415, Denver, CO 80225, USA" ], "affiliations": [ { "raw_affiliation_string": "U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, P.O. Box 25046, MS 415, Denver, CO 80225, USA", "institution_ids": [ "https://openalex.org/I2800772125", "https://openalex.org/I1286329397" ] } ] }, { "author_position": "middle", "author": { "id": "https://openalex.org/A5044312075", "display_name": "Matthew J. Nicotra", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0152-6261" }, "institutions": [ { "id": "https://openalex.org/I2800772125", "display_name": "Denver Federal Center", "ror": "https://ror.org/05pxjag90", "country_code": "US", "type": "government", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I1280600231", "https://openalex.org/I2800772125" ] }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "display_name": "United States Geological Survey", "ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863", "country_code": "US", "type": "government", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "https://openalex.org/I1335927249" ] } ], "countries": [ "US" ], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Matthew J. Nicotra", "raw_affiliation_strings": [ "U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, P.O. Box 25046, MS 415, Denver, CO 80225, USA" ], "affiliations": [ { "raw_affiliation_string": "U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, P.O. Box 25046, MS 415, Denver, CO 80225, USA", "institution_ids": [ "https://openalex.org/I2800772125", "https://openalex.org/I1286329397" ] } ] }, { "author_position": "last", "author": { "id": "https://openalex.org/A5063692577", "display_name": "Jeremy J. Pulli", "orcid": null }, "institutions": [ { "id": "https://openalex.org/I2800772125", "display_name": "Denver Federal Center", "ror": "https://ror.org/05pxjag90", "country_code": "US", "type": "government", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I1280600231", "https://openalex.org/I2800772125" ] }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "display_name": "United States Geological Survey", "ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863", "country_code": "US", "type": "government", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "https://openalex.org/I1335927249" ] } ], "countries": [ "US" ], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Jeremy J. Pulli", "raw_affiliation_strings": [ "U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, P.O. Box 25046, MS 415, Denver, CO 80225, USA" ], "affiliations": [ { "raw_affiliation_string": "U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, P.O. Box 25046, MS 415, Denver, CO 80225, USA", "institution_ids": [ "https://openalex.org/I2800772125", "https://openalex.org/I1286329397" ] } ] } ], "best_oa_location": { "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12203317", "pdf_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/20/3317/pdf?version=1602506703", "source": { "id": "https://openalex.org/S43295729", "display_name": "Remote Sensing", "issn_l": "2072-4292", "issn": [ "2072-4292" ], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310310987", "host_organization_name": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "host_organization_lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/P4310310987" ], "host_organization_lineage_names": [ "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute" ], "type": "journal" }, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true }, "biblio": { "volume": "12", "issue": "20", "first_page": "3317", "last_page": "3317" }, "citation_normalized_percentile": { "value": 0.762179, "is_in_top_1_percent": false, "is_in_top_10_percent": false }, "cited_by_api_url": "https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3108028962", "cited_by_count": 36, "cited_by_percentile_year": { "min": 96, "max": 97 }, "concepts": [ { "id": "https://openalex.org/C6350597", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339495", "display_name": "Altitude (triangle)", "level": 2, "score": 0.5562042 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847", "display_name": "Environmental science", "level": 0, "score": 0.503179 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/C62649853", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687", "display_name": "Remote sensing", "level": 1, "score": 0.49655014 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/C81660378", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8737769", "display_name": "Discharge", "level": 3, "score": 0.49151096 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/C554190296", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528", "display_name": "Radar", "level": 2, "score": 0.46446604 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/C76886044", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300", "display_name": "Hydrology (agriculture)", "level": 2, "score": 0.45772964 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779365185", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624383", "display_name": "Acoustic Doppler current profiler", "level": 3, "score": 0.45348164 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069", "display_name": "Geology", "level": 0, "score": 0.44235396 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/C19269812", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540", "display_name": "Satellite", "level": 2, "score": 0.4107429 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/C126645576", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166620", "display_name": "Drainage basin", "level": 2, "score": 0.39668426 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/C153294291", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261", "display_name": "Meteorology", "level": 1, "score": 0.34288776 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/C148043351", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944", "display_name": "Current (fluid)", "level": 2, "score": 0.2744505 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/C146978453", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668", "display_name": "Aerospace engineering", "level": 1, "score": 0.1386643 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071", "display_name": "Geography", "level": 0, "score": 0.12704355 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/C187320778", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130", "display_name": "Geotechnical engineering", "level": 1, "score": 0.07802704 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023", "display_name": "Engineering", "level": 0, "score": 0.074070156 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/C58640448", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515", "display_name": "Cartography", "level": 1, "score": 0.0 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/C111368507", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518", "display_name": "Oceanography", "level": 1, "score": 0.0 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/C2524010", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087", "display_name": "Geometry", "level": 1, "score": 0.0 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395", "display_name": "Mathematics", "level": 0, "score": 0.0 } ], "corresponding_author_ids": [ "https://openalex.org/A5007651534" ], "corresponding_institution_ids": [ "https://openalex.org/I2800772125", "https://openalex.org/I1286329397" ], "countries_distinct_count": 3, "counts_by_year": [ { "year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 6 }, { "year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 10 }, { "year": 2022, "cited_by_count": 11 }, { "year": 2021, "cited_by_count": 9 } ], "created_date": "2020-12-07", "datasets": [], "display_name": "QCam: sUAS-Based Doppler Radar for Measuring River Discharge", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12203317", "fwci": 2.561, "grants": [], "has_fulltext": false, "id": "https://openalex.org/W3108028962", "ids": { "openalex": "https://openalex.org/W3108028962", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12203317", "mag": "3108028962" }, "indexed_in": [ "crossref", "doaj" ], "institutions_distinct_count": 6, "is_paratext": false, "is_retracted": false, "keywords": [ { "id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-water-mapping", "display_name": "Surface Water Mapping", "score": 0.565201 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/watershed-simulation", "display_name": "Watershed Simulation", "score": 0.513089 }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/discharge", "display_name": "Discharge", "score": 0.49151096 } ], "language": "en", "locations": [ { "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12203317", "pdf_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/20/3317/pdf?version=1602506703", "source": { "id": "https://openalex.org/S43295729", "display_name": "Remote Sensing", "issn_l": "2072-4292", "issn": [ "2072-4292" ], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310310987", "host_organization_name": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "host_organization_lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/P4310310987" ], "host_organization_lineage_names": [ "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute" ], "type": "journal" }, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true }, { "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://doaj.org/article/f823bd110a3f4bfd9398008da56243b6", "pdf_url": null, "source": { "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280", "display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository" }, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": null, "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false } ], "locations_count": 2, "mesh": [], "ngrams_url": "https://api.openalex.org/works/W3108028962/ngrams", "open_access": { "is_oa": true, "oa_status": "gold", "oa_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/20/3317/pdf?version=1602506703", "any_repository_has_fulltext": false }, "primary_location": { "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12203317", "pdf_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/20/3317/pdf?version=1602506703", "source": { "id": "https://openalex.org/S43295729", "display_name": "Remote Sensing", "issn_l": "2072-4292", "issn": [ "2072-4292" ], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310310987", "host_organization_name": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "host_organization_lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/P4310310987" ], "host_organization_lineage_names": [ "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute" ], "type": "journal" }, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true }, "primary_topic": { "id": "https://openalex.org/T10930", "display_name": "Global Flood Risk Assessment and Management", "score": 0.9998, "subfield": { "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2306", "display_name": "Global and Planetary Change" }, "field": { "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/23", "display_name": "Environmental Science" }, "domain": { "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences" } }, "publication_date": "2020-10-12", "publication_year": 2020, "referenced_works": [ "https://openalex.org/W1507386432", "https://openalex.org/W1522592611", "https://openalex.org/W1529668868", "https://openalex.org/W1544995428", "https://openalex.org/W1562836990", "https://openalex.org/W156864464", "https://openalex.org/W1602318366", "https://openalex.org/W1758254481", "https://openalex.org/W1952678089", "https://openalex.org/W1969221542", "https://openalex.org/W1969250643", "https://openalex.org/W1973277251", "https://openalex.org/W1981549240", "https://openalex.org/W1985499003", "https://openalex.org/W1994147467", "https://openalex.org/W2003224413", "https://openalex.org/W2008797894", "https://openalex.org/W2018606128", "https://openalex.org/W2019226303", "https://openalex.org/W2039347115", "https://openalex.org/W2046517373", "https://openalex.org/W2055468682", "https://openalex.org/W2059478973", "https://openalex.org/W2063204990", "https://openalex.org/W2063453643", "https://openalex.org/W2070996984", "https://openalex.org/W2072137936", "https://openalex.org/W2076062168", "https://openalex.org/W2078399286", "https://openalex.org/W2081153373", "https://openalex.org/W2087039005", "https://openalex.org/W2095173138", "https://openalex.org/W2096586519", "https://openalex.org/W2096643778", "https://openalex.org/W2101841577", "https://openalex.org/W2124383953", "https://openalex.org/W2135352858", "https://openalex.org/W2137400896", "https://openalex.org/W2140748194", "https://openalex.org/W2145369813", "https://openalex.org/W2146580545", "https://openalex.org/W2157116030", "https://openalex.org/W2163242579", "https://openalex.org/W2163777434", "https://openalex.org/W2208198711", "https://openalex.org/W2292883899", "https://openalex.org/W2295057365", "https://openalex.org/W2331946696", "https://openalex.org/W2332352552", "https://openalex.org/W2369661078", "https://openalex.org/W2392468750", "https://openalex.org/W2416436346", "https://openalex.org/W2492857003", "https://openalex.org/W2588716152", "https://openalex.org/W2766184691", "https://openalex.org/W2792147370", "https://openalex.org/W2795439660", "https://openalex.org/W2800570836", "https://openalex.org/W2890811102", "https://openalex.org/W2913752018", "https://openalex.org/W2931800613", "https://openalex.org/W2966779994", "https://openalex.org/W2980178816", "https://openalex.org/W2993383518", "https://openalex.org/W3010320765", "https://openalex.org/W3016828824", "https://openalex.org/W4230374604" ], "referenced_works_count": 67, "related_works": [ "https://openalex.org/W4235824296", "https://openalex.org/W3036378803", "https://openalex.org/W2794187635", "https://openalex.org/W2581060091", "https://openalex.org/W2333216105", "https://openalex.org/W2162522636", "https://openalex.org/W2140748194", "https://openalex.org/W2103259561", "https://openalex.org/W2086133705", "https://openalex.org/W1547406649" ], "sustainable_development_goals": [ { "display_name": "Industry, innovation and infrastructure", "id": "https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9", "score": 0.6 } ], "title": "QCam: sUAS-Based Doppler Radar for Measuring River Discharge", "topics": [ { "id": "https://openalex.org/T10930", "display_name": "Global Flood Risk Assessment and Management", "score": 0.9998, "subfield": { "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2306", "display_name": "Global and Planetary Change" }, "field": { "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/23", "display_name": "Environmental Science" }, "domain": { "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences" } }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/T10577", "display_name": "Ecological Dynamics of Riverine Landscapes", "score": 0.9976, "subfield": { "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2303", "display_name": "Ecology" }, "field": { "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/23", "display_name": "Environmental Science" }, "domain": { "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences" } }, { "id": "https://openalex.org/T10330", "display_name": "Hydrological Modeling and Water Resource Management", "score": 0.9961, "subfield": { "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2312", "display_name": "Water Science and Technology" }, "field": { "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/23", "display_name": "Environmental Science" }, "domain": { "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences" } } ], "type": "article", "type_crossref": "journal-article", "updated_date": "2024-08-14T16:21:41.967504", "versions": [] }
}