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     "name": "Occurrence and distribution of fecal indicator bacteria and gene markers of pathogenic bacteria in Great Lakes tributaries, March-October 2011",
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     "abstract": "From March through October 2011, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), conducted a study to determine the frequency of occurrence of pathogen gene markers and densities of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in 22 tributaries to the Great Lakes. This project was funded as part of the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) and included sampling at 22 locations throughout 6 states that border the Great Lakes.\nA total of 177 environmental samples were collected at USGS streamgaging stations during both normal-flow and high-flow conditions and were analyzed by the Michigan Bacteriological Research Laboratory at the USGS Water Science Center in Lansing, Michigan.\nWater samples were analyzed for the presence of FIB concentrations (FIB; fecal coliform bacteria,\u00a0Escherichia coli\u00a0[E. coli], and enterococci) by using membrane filtration and serial dilution methods. The resulting enrichments from standard culturing of the samples were then analyzed by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine the occurrence of pathogen gene markers for\u00a0Shigella\u00a0species,\u00a0Campylobacter jejuni\u00a0and\u00a0coli,\u00a0Salmonellaspecies, and pathogenic\u00a0E. coli, including Shiga toxin-producing\u00a0E. coli\u00a0(STEC).",
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