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     "name": "Analysis of nitrate (NO3-N) concentration trends in 25 ground-water-quality management areas, Idaho, 1961-2001",
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     "datePublished": "2002",
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     "abstract": "In Idaho, drinking-water supplies are pumped\nfrom relatively shallow ground-water zones where\nwater quality has great potential for degradation\nby land- and water-use activities. One indicator of\nwater quality, and one of the most widespread contaminants\nin Idaho ground water related to land\nand water uses, is dissolved nitrate.\nIn December 2000, the U.S. Geological Survey,\nin cooperation with the Idaho Department of\nEnvironmental Quality, began a study to compile\nand assess nitrate data for ground water in 25\nground-water-quality management areas in Idaho.\nThe primary objective of the study was to determine\nwhether statistically significant trends in\nground-water concentrations were discernible. Data\nincluded ground-water analyses but not analyses\nof water from springs, drains, or thermal water\nsources. A total of 8,465 nitrate analyses were\ncompiled from 2,931 wells in the 25 priority areas;\nanalyses dates ranged from June 1961 to February\n2001.\nA time-period comparison was used to assess\ngeneral trends in nitrate concentrations within\nindividual priority areas. A time-series comparison\nwas used to assess trends in nitrate concentrations\nfrom selected wells in each priority area.\nIn time-period assessments, general trends in\nan area were evaluated by compiling nitrate data\nfor selected time intervals to determine whether\nthe population distributions were significantly different\nbetween one period and another. Data within\neach priority area were sorted into decades\u2014\n1970s, 1980s, and 1990s\u2014for long-term trend\nassessment. The 1990s data also were divided into\nsets of selected years corresponding to Statewide\nAmbient Ground-Water Quality Program sampling\ncycles\u20141991 through 1994, 1995 through 1998,\nand a partial cycle, 1999 through 2000\u2014for shortterm\ntrend assessment. Data were analyzed by\nsummary statistics, boxplots, and the Mann-\nWhitney statistical test.\nLong-term increasing trends in nitrate concentrations\nwere evident for 6 of 25 priority areas, and\nlong-term decreasing trends were evident for 4 of\n25 areas. Short-term increasing trends were evident\nfor 7 of 25 areas, and a short-term decreasing trend\nwas evident for only 1 area. No long-term nitrate\ntrends were evident for 7 of 25 areas, and no shortterm\ntrends were evident for 15 of 25 areas. Data\nwere insufficient for long-term trend assessment in\n8 areas and for short-term assessment in 2 areas.\nTime-series trend analyses were conducted on\ndata from wells with 7 or more nitrate analyses\nand longest periods of record, at least 10 years\nbetween oldest and most recent analyses. Because\nlong-term records were available for so few wells\nand well construction data were not available for\nseveral of these wells, time-series analyses were\nnot helpful to the nitrate trend assessment study.\nTrend results may be strongly affected by well\nconstruction, hydrogeologic environments, and\nchanges in density and areal distribution of wells\nand analyses. The utility of nitrate trend assessments\nin priority areas would be improved by more\nconsistent and specific well location descriptions\nbetween agencies; well construction and major\nwater-yielding zone information to accompany the\nwater-quality data for each well; and addition of\nhistorical nitrate data to data bases, particularly\nanalyses prior to about 1990. Investigations of the\npossible effects of changing priority area boundaries\nand time periods on both long-term and short-term trend assessments are needed. Addition of\nthese kinds of information would allow assessment\nof trends associated with hydrology and\ngeology of each area and would provide a much\nstronger basis for trend assessment than currently\npossible.",
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         "name": "Parliman, D. J.",
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