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     "name": "Groundwater availability of the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho",
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     "abstract": "The Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System (CPRAS) covers about 44,000 square miles of southeastern Washington, northeastern Oregon, and western Idaho. The area supports a $6-billion per year agricultural industry, leading the Nation in production of apples, hops, and eight other commodities. Groundwater pumpage and surface-water diversions supply water to croplands that account for about 5 percent of the Nation\u2019s irrigated lands. Groundwater also is the primary source of drinking water for the more than 1.3 million people in the study area. Increasing competitive demands for water for municipal, fisheries/ecosystems, agricultural, domestic, hydropower, and recreational uses must be met by additional groundwater withdrawals and (or) by changes in the way water resources are allocated and used throughout the hydrologic system. As of 2014, most surface-water resources in the study area were either over allocated or fully appropriated, especially during the dry summer season. In response to continued competition for water, numerous water-management activities and concerns have gained prominence: water conservation, conjunctive use, artificial recharge, hydrologic implications of land-use change, pumpage effects on streamflow, and effects of climate variability and change. An integrated understanding of the hydrologic system is important in order to implement effective water-resource management strategies that address these concerns.\nTo provide information to stakeholders involved in water-management activities, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Groundwater Resources Program assessed the groundwater availability as part of a national study of regional systems (U.S. Geological Survey, 2008). The CPRAS assessment includes:\n\nThe present status of groundwater resources,\nHow these resources have changed over time, and\nDevelopment and application of tools to estimate system responses to stresses from future uses and climate variability and change.\n\nThis effort builds on previous investigations, especially the USGS Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer-System Analysis study (CP-RASA). A major product of this new assessment is a numerical groundwater-flow model of the system. The model was used to estimate water-budget components of the hydrogeologic units composing the groundwater system, and to evaluate groundwater availability under existing land- and water-use conditions and a possible future climate scenario representing an increase in pumpage demand due to a warming climate. Information from this study also allowed for analysis of:\n\nThe CPRAS for predevelopment times (pre-1920),\nVariations from 1920 through 2007,\nConditions during 1985\u20132007 (referred to as \u201cexisting conditions\u201d), and\nChanges in the system from predevelopment times.\n\nThe model also is a useful tool for investigating water supply, water demand, management strategies, groundwater-surface water exchanges, and potential effects of changing climate on the hydrologic system.",
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