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     "name": "Pre- and post-eruptive investigations of gas and water samples from Mount St. Helens, Washington, 2002 to 2005",
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     "abstract": "Samples of gas and water from thermal springs in \nLoowit and Step canyons and creeks that drain the crater at \nMount St. Helens have been collected since October 2004 \nto monitor the flux of dissolved magmatic volatiles in the \nhydrologic system. The changing composition of the waters \nhighlights a trend that began as early as 1994 and includes \ndecreasing SO4\n and Cl concentrations and large increases in \nHCO3\n. Geochemical models indicate that mineral sources and \nsinks are not the main controls on the changing water chemistry, and carbon and helium isotopes indicate that their sources \nin the gases and waters have remained unchanged during \nthis time. The present-day molar ratios of C, S, and Cl in the \nsprings approximate ratios measured in plume emissions in \nAugust 2005 and provide supporting evidence that changes \nin water chemistry most likely reflect changes in the release \nrates of sulfur gases, HCl, and CO2\n from the magma and a \nvarying degree of efficiency of gas scrubbing by the overlying \nwater. Results from coupled chemical analyses and discharge \nmeasurements on the creeks yield an estimate of the dissolved \nflux of magmatic HCl, SO2\n, and CO2\n of around 5.2, 4.7, and \n22 metric tons per day, respectively.",
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