Item talk:Q46309

{

 "USGS Staff Profile": {
   "@context": "https://schema.org",
   "@type": "Person",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21T07:56:27.756375",
   "name": "Stephen B Gingerich",
   "identifier": [
     {
       "@type": "PropertyValue",
       "propertyID": "ORCID",
       "value": "0000-0002-4381-0746"
     }
   ],
   "jobTitle": "Research Hydrologist",
   "hasOccupation": [
     {
       "@type": "OrganizationalRole",
       "startDate": "2024-09-21T07:56:27.763131",
       "affiliatedOrganization": {
         "@type": "Organization",
         "name": "Oregon Water Science Center",
         "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/oregon-water-science-center"
       },
       "roleName": "Research Hydrologist"
     }
   ],
   "description": [
     {
       "@type": "TextObject",
       "additionalType": "short description",
       "abstract": "Research Hydrologist with the Oregon Water Science Center"
     },
     {
       "@type": "TextObject",
       "additionalType": "staff profile page introductory statement",
       "abstract": "Stephen Gingerich is a research hydrologist at the USGS Oregon Water Science Center."
     },
     {
       "@type": "TextObject",
       "additionalType": "personal statement",
       "abstract": "Stephen Gingerich has been a Research Hydrologist for the U.S. Geological Survey since 1995. He has authored over 35 scientific papers on subjects such as groundwater modeling and island hydrology. He was a Fulbright Scholar working in Japan during 2008-09. He started working for the USGS in 1990 as a student. He has worked on hydrologic studies in Oregon, Hawaii, Guam, Japan, the Marshall Islands, American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Diego Garcia."
     }
   ],
   "email": "sbginger@usgs.gov",
   "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/stephen-b-gingerich",
   "affiliation": [],
   "hasCredential": [
     {
       "@type": "EducationalOccupationalCredential",
       "name": "BS in Geosciences from the Pennsylvania State University, 1986"
     },
     {
       "@type": "EducationalOccupationalCredential",
       "name": "MS in Hydrology from the University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1992"
     },
     {
       "@type": "EducationalOccupationalCredential",
       "name": "PhD in Hydrology from the University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1995"
     }
   ],
   "knowsAbout": [
     {
       "@type": "Thing",
       "additionalType": "self-claimed expertise",
       "name": "Groundwater flow"
     },
     {
       "@type": "Thing",
       "additionalType": "self-claimed expertise",
       "name": "Saltwater intrusion"
     },
     {
       "@type": "Thing",
       "additionalType": "self-claimed expertise",
       "name": "Hydrology"
     },
     {
       "@type": "Thing",
       "additionalType": "self-claimed expertise",
       "name": "Hydrologic Modeling"
     },
     {
       "@type": "Thing",
       "additionalType": "self-claimed expertise",
       "name": "Island Hydrology"
     }
   ],
   "memberOf": {
     "@type": "OrganizationalRole",
     "name": "staff member",
     "member": {
       "@type": "Organization",
       "name": "U.S. Geological Survey"
     },
     "startDate": "2024-09-21T07:56:27.756379"
   }
 },
 "ORCID": {
   "@context": "http://schema.org",
   "@id": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4381-0746",
   "@reverse": {
     "creator": [
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.5066/p9oekeio",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.5066/p9oekeio"
         },
         "name": "MODFLOW 6 model used to simulate groundwater flow in the Harney Basin, southeastern Oregon"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245017",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.3133/sir20245017"
         },
         "name": "Groundwater model of the Harney Basin, southeastern Oregon"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235107",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.3133/sir20235107"
         },
         "name": "Assessing the effects of chloride deicer applications on groundwater near the Siskiyou Pass, southwestern Oregon, July 2018\u2013February 2021"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215103",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.3133/sir20215103"
         },
         "name": "Groundwater resources of the Harney Basin, southeastern Oregon"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20223052",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.3133/fs20223052"
         },
         "name": "Groundwater resources of the Harney Basin, southeastern Oregon"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215128",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.3133/sir20215128"
         },
         "name": "Hydrologic budget of the Harney Basin groundwater system, southeastern Oregon"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.5066/p9j0fe5m",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.5066/p9j0fe5m"
         },
         "name": "Location Information, Discharge, and Water-Quality Data for Selected Wells, Springs, and Streams in the Harney Basin, Oregon"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2020wr029306",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.1029/2020wr029306"
         },
         "name": "Anomalous Noble Gas Solubility in Liquid Cloud Water: Possible Implications for Noble Gas Temperatures and Cloud Physics"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.5066/p9zjtzuv",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.5066/p9zjtzuv"
         },
         "name": "Contour Dataset of the Potentiometric Surfaces of Shallow and Deep Groundwater-Level Altitudes in Harney Basin, Oregon, February-March 2018"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1867f",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.3133/pp1867f"
         },
         "name": "Groundwater dynamics at K\u012blauea Volcano and vicinity, Hawai\u02bbi"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.5066/p901gnix",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.5066/p901gnix"
         },
         "name": "Phreatophytic Shrublands and Grasslands, Historical (1990-2019) Trends in Groundwater Levels, Precipitation, and Air Temperature, Historical (1955-2016) Trends in Snow-Water Equivalent, and Projected Future (2040-99) Climate and Hydrology Anomalies across Oregon"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.10.049",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.10.049"
         },
         "name": "Isotopic and geochemical assessment of the sensitivity of groundwater resources of Guam, Mariana Islands, to intra- and inter-annual variations in hydroclimate"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-17-0112.1",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.1175/wcas-d-17-0112.1"
         },
         "name": "Tropical Cyclone Projections: Changing Climate Threats for Pacific Island Defense Installations"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.5066/p9u34act",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.5066/p9u34act"
         },
         "name": "SUTRA model used to evaluate the freshwater flow system for a future (2080-2099) climate on Guam"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20195095",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.3133/sir20195095"
         },
         "name": "Water resources on Guam\u2014Potential impacts of and adaptive response to climate change"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aap9741",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.1126/sciadv.aap9741"
         },
         "name": "Most atolls will be uninhabitable by the mid-21st century because of sea-level rise exacerbating wave-driven flooding"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185110",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.3133/sir20185110"
         },
         "name": "Deep aquifer recharge in the Columbia River Basalt Group, upper Umatilla River Basin, northeastern Oregon"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2015.12.056",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.1016/j.ejrh.2015.12.056"
         },
         "name": "Observations of nearshore groundwater discharge: Kahekili Beach Park submarine springs, Maui, Hawaii"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.1002/2016wr020172",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.1002/2016wr020172"
         },
         "name": "Noble gas signatures in the Island of Maui, Hawaii: Characterizing groundwater sources in fractured systems"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.03.001",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.03.001"
         },
         "name": "Seawater-flooding events and impact on freshwater lenses of low-lying islands: Controlling factors, basic management and mitigation"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.5066/f7736p3q",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.5066/f7736p3q"
         },
         "name": "SUTRA model used to evaluate the freshwater flow system on Roi-Namur, Kwajalein Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145035",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.3133/sir20145035"
         },
         "name": "A Hypothesis for Carbonate Island Karst Aquifer Evolution from Analysis of Field Observations in Northern Guam, Mariana Islands"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-012-0949-9",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": [
           {
             "@type": "PropertyValue",
             "propertyID": "doi",
             "value": "10.1007/s10040-012-0949-9"
           },
           {
             "@type": "PropertyValue",
             "propertyID": "eid",
             "value": "2-s2.0-84876435498"
           }
         ],
         "name": "Estimating hydraulic properties from tidal attenuation in the Northern Guam Lens Aquifer, territory of Guam, USA"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135216",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.3133/sir20135216"
         },
         "name": "The effects of withdrawals and drought on groundwater availability in the Northern Guam Lens Aquifer, Guam"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125010",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.3133/sir20125010"
         },
         "name": "Groundwater availability in the Lahaina District, west Maui, Hawai'i"
       },
       {
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "name": "Hydrogeology of the Hawaiian islands"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511778384.038",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": [
           {
             "@type": "PropertyValue",
             "propertyID": "doi",
             "value": "10.1017/cbo9780511778384.038"
           },
           {
             "@type": "PropertyValue",
             "propertyID": "eid",
             "value": "2-s2.0-84933544620"
           }
         ],
         "name": "Interpreting canopy water balance and fog screen observations: Separating cloud water from wind-blown rainfall at two contrasting forest sites in Hawai\u2019i"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7738",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": [
           {
             "@type": "PropertyValue",
             "propertyID": "doi",
             "value": "10.1002/hyp.7738"
           },
           {
             "@type": "PropertyValue",
             "propertyID": "eid",
             "value": "2-s2.0-78751487020"
           }
         ],
         "name": "Canopy water balance of windward and leeward Hawaiian cloud forests on Haleakal\u0101, Maui, Hawai'i"
       },
       {
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "name": "Groundwater Availability Study for Guam\u2014Goals, Approach, Products, and Schedule of Activities"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103084",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.3133/fs20103084"
         },
         "name": "Groundwater availability study for Guam; goals, approach, products, and schedule of activities"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103069",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.3133/fs20103069"
         },
         "name": "Groundwater resources of Mosteiros basin, island of Fogo, Cape Verde, West Africa"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103071",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.3133/fs20103071"
         },
         "name": "Groundwater resources of Ribeira Faj\u00e3 basin, island of S\u00e3o Nicolau, Cape Verde, West Africa"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103070",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.3133/fs20103070"
         },
         "name": "Groundwater resources of Ribeira Pa\u00fal basin, island of Santo Ant\u00e3o, Cape Verde, West Africa"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-009-0434-2",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": [
           {
             "@type": "PropertyValue",
             "propertyID": "doi",
             "value": "10.1007/s10040-009-0434-2"
           },
           {
             "@type": "PropertyValue",
             "propertyID": "eid",
             "value": "2-s2.0-67649413308"
           }
         ],
         "name": "Oxygen, hydrogen, and helium isotopes for investigating groundwater systems of the Cape Verde Islands, West Africa"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00412.x",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": [
           {
             "@type": "PropertyValue",
             "propertyID": "doi",
             "value": "10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00412.x"
           },
           {
             "@type": "PropertyValue",
             "propertyID": "eid",
             "value": "2-s2.0-40149097013"
           }
         ],
         "name": "Analysis of an Unconfined Aquifer Subject to Asynchronous Dual-Tide Propagation"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085236",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.3133/sir20085236"
         },
         "name": "Ground-Water Availability in the Wailuku Area, Maui, Hawai'i"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00026.x",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": [
           {
             "@type": "PropertyValue",
             "propertyID": "doi",
             "value": "10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00026.x"
           },
           {
             "@type": "PropertyValue",
             "propertyID": "eid",
             "value": "2-s2.0-33947660843"
           }
         ],
         "name": "Estimating Hydraulic Properties of Volcanic Aquifers Using Constant-Rate and Variable-Rate Aquifer Tests"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2007wr006011",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": [
           {
             "@type": "PropertyValue",
             "propertyID": "eid",
             "value": "2-s2.0-38549122407"
           },
           {
             "@type": "PropertyValue",
             "propertyID": "doi",
             "value": "10.1029/2007wr006011"
           }
         ],
         "name": "Cloud water in windward and leeward mountain forests: The stable isotope signature of orographic cloud water"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071157",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.3133/ofr20071157"
         },
         "name": "Water Use in Wetland Kalo Cultivation in Hawai`i"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-004-0371-z",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": [
           {
             "@type": "PropertyValue",
             "propertyID": "doi",
             "value": "10.1007/s10040-004-0371-z"
           },
           {
             "@type": "PropertyValue",
             "propertyID": "eid",
             "value": "2-s2.0-20044381928"
           }
         ],
         "name": "Three-dimensional variable-density flow simulation of a coastal aquifer in southern Oahu, Hawaii, USA"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055213",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.3133/sir20055213"
         },
         "name": "Effects of Surface-Water Diversions on Habitat Availability for Native Macrofauna, Northeast Maui, Hawaii"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045262",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.3133/sir20045262"
         },
         "name": "Median and Low-Flow Characteristics for Streams under Natural and Diverted Conditions, Northeast Maui, Hawaii"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-002-0233-5",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.1007/s10040-002-0233-5"
         },
         "name": "A thick lens of fresh groundwater in the southern Lihue Basin, Kauai, Hawaii, USA"
       },
       {
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "name": "Hydrologic resources of Guam"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694(02)00073-2",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": [
           {
             "@type": "PropertyValue",
             "propertyID": "eid",
             "value": "2-s2.0-0037199333"
           },
           {
             "@type": "PropertyValue",
             "propertyID": "doi",
             "value": "10.1016/s0022-1694(02)00073-2"
           }
         ],
         "name": "The influence of microclimates and fog on stable isotope signatures used in interpretation of regional hydrology: East Maui, Hawaii"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2002477",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.3133/ofr2002477"
         },
         "name": "Drilling and construction data for the Waiohuli exploratory well (state well 6-4421-01), island of Maui, Hawaii"
       },
       {
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "name": "Geohydrology and numerical simulation of alternative pumping distributions and the effects of drought on the ground-water flow system of Tinian, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.3133/fs12600",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.3133/fs12600"
         },
         "name": "Ground Water in Hawaii"
       },
       {
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "name": "Ground-Water Resources of Tinian, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands"
       },
       {
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "name": "Ground-water occurrence and contribution to streamflow, northeast Maui, Hawaii"
       },
       {
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "name": "Estimating transmissivity and storage properties from aquifer tests in the southern Lihue basin, Kauai, Hawaii"
       },
       {
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "name": "Ground water and surface water in the Haiku area, east Maui, Hawaii"
       },
       {
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "name": "Ground-water occurrence and contribution to streamflow, Northeast Maui, Hawaii"
       },
       {
         "@id": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050159",
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "doi",
           "value": "10.1007/s100400050159"
         },
         "name": "Estimation of the depth to the fresh-water/salt-water interface from vertical head gradients in wells in coastal and island aquifers"
       },
       {
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "name": "Ground water in the southern Lihue basin, Kauai, Hawaii"
       },
       {
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "name": "Ground-water resources of the coastal plain of Aunuu Island, American Samoa, 1996-97"
       },
       {
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "eid",
           "value": "2-s2.0-0032446154"
         },
         "name": "Numerical modelling of vertically extensive groundwater bodies in Maui, Hawaii: An alternative to perched aquifers"
       },
       {
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "name": "Construction and geologic log of the South Wailua monitor well (State well 2-0121-01), Lihue, Kauai, Hawaii"
       },
       {
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "name": "Construction, geologic log and aquifer tests of the Northeast Kilohana monitor well (State well 2-0124-01), Lihue, Kauai, Hawaii"
       },
       {
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "name": "Construction, geologic log, and aquifer test of the Northwest Kilohana monitor well (State well 2-0126-01)"
       },
       {
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "name": "Construction, geologic log, and aquifer tests of the Hanamaulu monitor well (State well 2-5923-08)"
       },
       {
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "name": "Construction, geologic log, and aquifer tests of the Puakukui Springs monitor well (State well 2-5626-01), Lihue, Kauai, Hawaii"
       },
       {
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "name": "Construction, geologic log, and aquifer tests of the Pukaki Reservoir monitor well (State well 2-0023-01), Lihue, Kauai, Hawaii"
       },
       {
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "name": "Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 13, Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands"
       },
       {
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "name": "Ground-water resources and contamination at Roi-Namur Island, Kwajalein Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands, 1990-91"
       },
       {
         "@type": "CreativeWork",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "eid",
           "value": "2-s2.0-0027871023"
         },
         "name": "Estimation of recharge to the fresh-water lens of Tongatapu, Kingdom of Tonga"
       }
     ]
   },
   "@type": "Person",
   "affiliation": {
     "@type": "Organization",
     "identifier": {
       "@type": "PropertyValue",
       "propertyID": "RINGGOLD",
       "value": "148893"
     },
     "name": "Fulbright Association"
   },
   "alumniOf": [
     {
       "@type": "Organization",
       "alternateName": "School of Ocean and Earth Science Technology",
       "identifier": {
         "@type": "PropertyValue",
         "propertyID": "RINGGOLD",
         "value": "3939"
       },
       "name": "University of Hawaii System"
     },
     {
       "@type": "Organization",
       "alternateName": "Earth and Mineral Sciences",
       "identifier": {
         "@type": "PropertyValue",
         "propertyID": "RINGGOLD",
         "value": "8082"
       },
       "name": "Pennsylvania State University"
     }
   ],
   "familyName": "Gingerich",
   "givenName": "Stephen",
   "identifier": {
     "@type": "PropertyValue",
     "propertyID": "Scopus Author ID",
     "value": "6602470643"
   },
   "mainEntityOfPage": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4381-0746"
 },
 "OpenAlex": {
   "created_date": "2023-07-21",
   "display_name": "Stephen B. Gingerich",
   "display_name_alternatives": [
     "Stephen Gingerich",
     "S. B. Gingerich",
     "Stephen B. Gingerich"
   ],
   "ids": {
     "openalex": "https://openalex.org/A5079199437",
     "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4381-0746",
     "scopus": "http://www.scopus.com/inward/authorDetails.url?authorID=6602470643&partnerID=MN8TOARS"
   },
   "last_known_institutions": [
     {
       "country_code": "US",
       "display_name": "United States Geological Survey",
       "id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
       "lineage": [
         "https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
         "https://openalex.org/I1335927249"
       ],
       "ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863",
       "type": "government"
     }
   ],
   "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4381-0746",
   "topics": [
     {
       "count": 18,
       "display_name": "Stable Isotope Analysis of Groundwater and Precipitation",
       "domain": {
         "display_name": "Physical Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3"
       },
       "field": {
         "display_name": "Earth and Planetary Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/19"
       },
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T10398",
       "subfield": {
         "display_name": "Geochemistry and Petrology",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1906"
       }
     },
     {
       "count": 11,
       "display_name": "Groundwater Flow and Transport Modeling",
       "domain": {
         "display_name": "Physical Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3"
       },
       "field": {
         "display_name": "Environmental Science",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/23"
       },
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T10894",
       "subfield": {
         "display_name": "Environmental Engineering",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2305"
       }
     },
     {
       "count": 11,
       "display_name": "Geological Evolution of South China Sea",
       "domain": {
         "display_name": "Physical Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3"
       },
       "field": {
         "display_name": "Earth and Planetary Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/19"
       },
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T13177",
       "subfield": {
         "display_name": "Geology",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1907"
       }
     },
     {
       "count": 9,
       "display_name": "Seismicity and Tectonic Plate Interactions",
       "domain": {
         "display_name": "Physical Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3"
       },
       "field": {
         "display_name": "Earth and Planetary Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/19"
       },
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T10110",
       "subfield": {
         "display_name": "Geophysics",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1908"
       }
     },
     {
       "count": 8,
       "display_name": "Water Quality and Hydrogeology Research",
       "domain": {
         "display_name": "Physical Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3"
       },
       "field": {
         "display_name": "Environmental Science",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/23"
       },
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T12773",
       "subfield": {
         "display_name": "Water Science and Technology",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2312"
       }
     },
     {
       "count": 7,
       "display_name": "Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Climate Change",
       "domain": {
         "display_name": "Physical Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3"
       },
       "field": {
         "display_name": "Earth and Planetary Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/19"
       },
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T11483",
       "subfield": {
         "display_name": "Atmospheric Science",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1902"
       }
     },
     {
       "count": 7,
       "display_name": "Anaerobic Methane Oxidation and Gas Hydrates",
       "domain": {
         "display_name": "Physical Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3"
       },
       "field": {
         "display_name": "Environmental Science",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/23"
       },
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T10995",
       "subfield": {
         "display_name": "Environmental Chemistry",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2304"
       }
     },
     {
       "count": 6,
       "display_name": "Machine Learning for Earthquake Early Warning Systems",
       "domain": {
         "display_name": "Physical Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3"
       },
       "field": {
         "display_name": "Computer Science",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/17"
       },
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T13018",
       "subfield": {
         "display_name": "Artificial Intelligence",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1702"
       }
     },
     {
       "count": 5,
       "display_name": "Geophysical Exploration and Monitoring Techniques",
       "domain": {
         "display_name": "Physical Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3"
       },
       "field": {
         "display_name": "Earth and Planetary Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/19"
       },
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T10572",
       "subfield": {
         "display_name": "Geophysics",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1908"
       }
     },
     {
       "count": 5,
       "display_name": "Global Forest Drought Response and Climate Change",
       "domain": {
         "display_name": "Physical Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3"
       },
       "field": {
         "display_name": "Environmental Science",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/23"
       },
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T10266",
       "subfield": {
         "display_name": "Global and Planetary Change",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2306"
       }
     },
     {
       "count": 5,
       "display_name": "Hydrological Modeling and Water Resource Management",
       "domain": {
         "display_name": "Physical Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3"
       },
       "field": {
         "display_name": "Environmental Science",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/23"
       },
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T10330",
       "subfield": {
         "display_name": "Water Science and Technology",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2312"
       }
     },
     {
       "count": 5,
       "display_name": "Resilience of Traditional Irrigation Communities in Southwest USA",
       "domain": {
         "display_name": "Social Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/2"
       },
       "field": {
         "display_name": "Social Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/33"
       },
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T13939",
       "subfield": {
         "display_name": "Anthropology",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/3314"
       }
     },
     {
       "count": 4,
       "display_name": "Climate Change and Variability Research",
       "domain": {
         "display_name": "Physical Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3"
       },
       "field": {
         "display_name": "Environmental Science",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/23"
       },
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T10029",
       "subfield": {
         "display_name": "Global and Planetary Change",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2306"
       }
     },
     {
       "count": 4,
       "display_name": "Global Sea Level Variability and Change",
       "domain": {
         "display_name": "Physical Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3"
       },
       "field": {
         "display_name": "Earth and Planetary Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/19"
       },
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T11405",
       "subfield": {
         "display_name": "Oceanography",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1910"
       }
     },
     {
       "count": 4,
       "display_name": "High-Resolution Seismic Noise Tomography",
       "domain": {
         "display_name": "Physical Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3"
       },
       "field": {
         "display_name": "Earth and Planetary Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/19"
       },
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T11757",
       "subfield": {
         "display_name": "Geophysics",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1908"
       }
     },
     {
       "count": 4,
       "display_name": "Climate Change and Paleoclimatology",
       "domain": {
         "display_name": "Physical Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3"
       },
       "field": {
         "display_name": "Earth and Planetary Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/19"
       },
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T10017",
       "subfield": {
         "display_name": "Atmospheric Science",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1902"
       }
     },
     {
       "count": 3,
       "display_name": "Optimal Operation of Water Resources Systems",
       "domain": {
         "display_name": "Physical Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3"
       },
       "field": {
         "display_name": "Engineering",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22"
       },
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T10969",
       "subfield": {
         "display_name": "Ocean Engineering",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2212"
       }
     },
     {
       "count": 3,
       "display_name": "Human Settlement in the Pacific Islands",
       "domain": {
         "display_name": "Social Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/2"
       },
       "field": {
         "display_name": "Social Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/33"
       },
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T12473",
       "subfield": {
         "display_name": "Geography, Planning and Development",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/3305"
       }
     },
     {
       "count": 3,
       "display_name": "Impacts of Climate Change on Glaciers and Water Availability",
       "domain": {
         "display_name": "Physical Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3"
       },
       "field": {
         "display_name": "Earth and Planetary Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/19"
       },
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T10644",
       "subfield": {
         "display_name": "Atmospheric Science",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1902"
       }
     },
     {
       "count": 3,
       "display_name": "Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Fisheries",
       "domain": {
         "display_name": "Physical Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3"
       },
       "field": {
         "display_name": "Environmental Science",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/23"
       },
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T10230",
       "subfield": {
         "display_name": "Global and Planetary Change",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2306"
       }
     },
     {
       "count": 3,
       "display_name": "Importance of Marine Spatial Planning in Ecosystem Management",
       "domain": {
         "display_name": "Physical Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3"
       },
       "field": {
         "display_name": "Environmental Science",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/23"
       },
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T12414",
       "subfield": {
         "display_name": "Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2308"
       }
     },
     {
       "count": 3,
       "display_name": "Characterization of Shale Gas Pore Structure",
       "domain": {
         "display_name": "Physical Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3"
       },
       "field": {
         "display_name": "Engineering",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22"
       },
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T10399",
       "subfield": {
         "display_name": "Mechanics of Materials",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2211"
       }
     },
     {
       "count": 3,
       "display_name": "Tectonic and Geochronological Evolution of Orogens",
       "domain": {
         "display_name": "Physical Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3"
       },
       "field": {
         "display_name": "Earth and Planetary Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/19"
       },
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T10001",
       "subfield": {
         "display_name": "Geophysics",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1908"
       }
     },
     {
       "count": 2,
       "display_name": "Impact of Climate Change on Human Migration",
       "domain": {
         "display_name": "Social Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/2"
       },
       "field": {
         "display_name": "Social Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/33"
       },
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T12656",
       "subfield": {
         "display_name": "Sociology and Political Science",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/3312"
       }
     },
     {
       "count": 2,
       "display_name": "Importance of Mangrove Ecosystems in Coastal Protection",
       "domain": {
         "display_name": "Physical Sciences",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3"
       },
       "field": {
         "display_name": "Environmental Science",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/23"
       },
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T10779",
       "subfield": {
         "display_name": "Ecology",
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2303"
       }
     }
   ],
   "updated_date": "2024-05-23T14:04:18.101796"
 }

}